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developed and examined in this paper. The basic theoretical object of the MERMOS method is
what is termed Human Factor Missions. The Human Factor Missions refer to a set of macroactions
the crew has to carry out in order to maintain or restore safety functions. Four major steps
are involved in the MERMOS method. The first is to identify the safety functions that are
affected, the possible functional responses, the associated operation objectives, and to determine
whether specific means are to be used. The second is to break down the safety requirement
corresponding to the HF mission . The third is to bridge the gap between theoretical concepts and
real data by creating as many failure scenarios as possible. The final one is to ensure the
consistency of the results and integrate them into PSA event trees.
Bisseret, A. (1981). Application of signal detection theory to decision making in supervisory
control: The effect of the operator’s experience. Ergonomics, 24(2), 81-94.
The role of signal detection theory was looked at in the air-traffic controller environment. A
general model of perceptive judgments on a radar screen for ATC controllers is proposed for
judging the future separation at the point of convergence for two aircraft. An experiment was
conducted that looked at air-traffic controllers (trainees vs. experienced) ability to detect loss of
separation of aircraft at present and in the future. The results showed that experienced controllers
use a ‘doubt’ response (a part of the model of perceptive judgments proposed) while trainees do
not. Trainees look for a sure and accurate response while experienced controllers create a
momentary class of indetermination.
Braddock, R. (1958). An extension of the “Lasswell formula”. Journal of Communication,
8, 88-93.
Seven aspects of the communicative process are offered as an extension to the “Lasswell
Formula”. These aspects are WHO says WHAT to WHOM under WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES
through WHAT MEDIUM for WHAT PURPOSE with WHAT EFFECT. This formula (model)
can address errors in terms of dealing with aspects of a message, its medium, and the
expectations of the sender or receiver.
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Broadbent, D. E. (1958). Perception and communication. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Broadbent explains in detail an information flow diagram of an organism. There are five
important principles underlying his diagram. The nervous system acts as a single communication
channel that has a limited capacity. A selective operation is performed upon the input to the
channel. Selection is not random and depends on the probability of certain events and states
being present in an organism. Incoming information can be held in a temporary store for the
maximum time in the order of seconds. And finally, information can return to the temporary
store after passing through a limited capacity channel.
CAATE Civil Aviation Authority Taxonomy Expanded. (1998). (NASA Aviation Data
Sources Resource Handbook).
The CAATE was developed from analyses of controlled flight into terrain that led to ‘problem
statements’. These problem statements were adapted into a taxonomy. A brief version of the
taxonomy outline is presented here. Factors are divided into two main categories, causal and
circumstantial. Causal factors include the airplane, ATC/ground aids, environmental, the crew,
the engine, fire, maintenance/ground handling, the aircraft structure, infrastructure, design,
performance and an ‘other’ factor. Circumstantial factors include aircraft systems, ATC/ground
aids, environmental, the crew, infrastructure, and an ‘other’ factor.
Cacciabue, P. C., Carpignano, A., & Vivalda, C. (1993). A dynamic reliability technique for
error assessment in man-machine systems. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies,
38, 403-428.
The paper presents a methodology for the analysis of human errors called DREAMS (Dynamic
Reliability technique for Error Assessment in Man-Machine Systems). DREAMS is meant to
identify the origin of human errors in the dynamic interaction of the operator and the plant
control system. It accommodates different models of several levels of complexity such as simple
behaviouristic models of operators and more complex cognitive models of operator behaviour.
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Cacciabue, P. C., Cojazzi, G., & Parisi, P. (1996). A dynamic HRA method based on a
taxonomy and a cognitive simulation model. Probabilistic Safety Assessment and
Management ‘96 (pp. 138-145). New York: Springer.
A human factors methodology called HERMES (human error reliability methods for event
sequences) is presented and compared to the “classical” THERP method. The classification
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