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there may be a useful synergistic relationship between human error analysis and ergonomics
evaluation.
Kletz, T. (1992). Hazop and hazan: Identifying and assessing process industry hazards.
Bristol, PA: Hemisphere Publishing.
Hazard and operability study (HAZOP) is a technique for identifying hazards without waiting for
an accident to occur. It is a qualitative assessment. A series of guide words are used in HAZOP
to explore types of deviations, possible causes, consequences and actions required. Hazard
analysis (HAZAN) is a technique for estimating the probability and consequences of a hazard
and comparing them with a target or criterion. It is a quantitative assessment. HAZAN contains
three steps. The first is to estimate the likelihood of an incident. The second is to estimate
consequences to employees, the public and environment, and to the plant and profits. The third
step is to compare these results to a target or criterion to decide if action is necessary to reduce
the probability of an occurrence.
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Kubota, R., Ikeda, K., Furuta, T., & Hasegawa, A. (1996). Development of dynamic human
reliability analysis method incorporating human-machine interaction. Probabilistic Safety
Assessment and Management ‘96 (pp. 535-540). New York: Springer.
The authors describe an updated dynamic human reliability analysis method that considers
interactions within the plant. It compares and evaluates the response time between the cases
where the safety limit of the plant is quickly reached and the cases where it is not. The proposed
cognition mechanism borrows from the Monte Carlo calculation using the probabilistic network
method and Rasmussen’s decision making model. The authors intend the new dynamic human
reliability analysis method to replace the THERP (technique for human error rate prediction) and
TRC (time reliability correlation) methods.
Lasswell, H. D. (1948). The structure and function of communication in society. In L.
Bryson (Ed.), The communication of ideas (pp. 37-51). US: Harper and Row.
The ‘Lasswell formula’ is a description of an act of communication asking these questions:
(1) Who
(2) Says what
(3) In which channel
(4) To whom
(5) With what effect
Three functions are performed while employing the communication process in society. The first
is surveillance of the environment. The second is correlation of the components of society in
making a response to the environment. The third is transmission of the social inheritance. This
formula (model) can address errors in terms of dealing with aspects of a message, its medium,
and the expectations of the sender or receiver.
Laughery, K. R., Petree, B. L., Schmidt, J. K., Schwartz, D. R., Walsh, M. T. & Imig, R. G.
(1983). Scenario analyses of industrial accidents. Sixth International System Safety
Conference (pp. 1-20).
An analytic procedure of accidents is developed that is based on two contentions. The first is that
it is necessary to answer the question, “what happened?” The second is that it is important to
recognize that all accidents, no matter how minor, represent a valuable source of data. Four
categories of variables exist within the method. The first category is demographic variables. This
includes such aspects as gender, job classification, the day, the location, etc. The second category
is labeled accident scenario code. This includes prior activity, the accident event, the resulting
event, the injury event, the agent of the accident, and the source of injury. The third category
deals with injury variables. This breaks down into the body part injured, the injury type, and the
injury severity. The final category is labeled causal factors. This is broken down further into
human causes, and equipment/environment causes. The analytic procedures consider frequency,
severity, and potential for effective interventions. The analyses used are a frequency analysis and
a scenario analysis which describes accident patterns.
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Macwan, A., & Mosleh, A. (1994). A methodology for modeling operator errors of
commission in probabilistic risk assessment. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 45,
139-157.
A methodology is described that incorporates operator errors of commission in nuclear power
plant probabilistic risk assessments (PRA). An initial condition set is obtained by combining
performance influencing factors with information taken from the plant PRA, operating
procedures, information on plant configuration, and physical and thermal-hydraulic information.
These initial condition sets are fed into the primary tool of the methodology called Human
Interaction TimeLINE (HITLINE). HITLINE generates sequences of human action, including
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