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• Make all alternatives credible responses to each element in the first column, wherever possible, to minimize guessing by elimination.
• Use language the learner can understand. By reducing language barriers, both the validity and reliability of the test is improved.
• Arrange the alternatives in some sensible order. An alphabetical arrangement is common.
Matching-type test items are either equal column or unequal column. An equal column test item has the same number of alternatives in each column. When using this form, always provide for some items in the response column to be used more than once, or not at all, to preclude guessing by elimination. Unequal column type test items have more alternatives in the second column than in the first and are generally preferable to equal columns.
B-6
C-1
Figure C-1. This is a sample logbook endorsement for pre-solo aeronautical knowledge.
NR
T/ONRNST.APP.I certify that (First name, MI, Last name) has satisfactorilycompleted the presolo knowledge exam of §61.87(b) for the(make and model aircraft). S/S [date] J.J. Jones 987654321CFI Exp. 12-31-2007REMARKS AND ENDORSEMENTS
Flight Instructor Endorsements
The authority and responsibility for flight instructors to endorse initial student certificates, logbooks for solo and solo cross-country, additional aircraft ratings, and flight privileges are outlined in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61. In addition, Advisory Circular (AC) 61-65, Certification: Pilots and Flight Instructors and Ground Instructors, provides guidance for pilots, flight instructors, ground instructors, and examiners on the certification standards, knowledge test procedures, and other requirements of 14 CFR part 61. By utilizing AC 61-65, the flight instructor does not omit any required endorsement for the rating sought, which ensures standardization. It is important for the flight instructor to understand and use AC 61-65 in the certification process.
Additionally, flight instructors are required to make an endorsement in the student or applicant’s logbook or training record whenever the flight instructor provides flight or ground training. At a minimum this endorsement should include what actions or instruction were completed and if any regulatory requirements were met. Citing the appropriate portion of 14 CFR part 61 is also recommended.
Flight instructors also have the responsibility to make logbook endorsements for pilots who are already certificated such as sport, recreational, private, commercial, and instrument rated pilots, as well as flight instructors. Typical endorsements include but are not limited to flight reviews, instrument proficiency checks, the additional training required for high performance, high altitude, and tail wheel aircraft, and types of glider launches.
Additional rating applicants (e.g., multiengine add-on, seaplane add-on, glider add-on, helicopter add-on) are rated pilots and not considered student pilots in accordance with (IAW) 14 CFR part 61. Flight instructors must endorse the applicant’s logbook prior to solo flight and prior to being evaluated for that rating with an endorsement from AC 61-65 stating that the applicant is competent to act as the pilot in command (PIC) of an aircraft in which he or she does not hold a category or class rating.
The flight instructor may add additional requirements or restrictions to the endorsement, such as an expiration date. Practical test endorsements are addressed in AC 61-65. These endorsements are regulatory and the pilot applicant must comply with them.
Flight instructors are responsible for properly documenting a student or applicant’s completion of prerequisites for a practical test. Examples of all common endorsements can be found in AC 61-65, Appendix C. (Further details about the requirements for each respective endorsement can be found in 14 CFR part 61.) These examples contain the essential elements of each endorsement with the goal of providing guidance and encouraging standardization among instructors. The flight instructor may need to customize the endorsement due to an applicant’s special circumstances or changes in regulatory requirements, but it is recommended all endorsements be worded as closely as possible to those in AC 61-65. At a minimum, the flight instructor needs to cite the appropriate 14 CFR part 61 section that has been completed. [Figure C-1]
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) inspectors and designated pilot examiners (DPEs) rely on flight instructor recommendations for student or pilot applicant testing. These recommendations are accepted as evidence of qualification for certification and proof that a review of the subject areas found to be deficient on the appropriate knowledge test has been given by the flight instructor. Recommendations also provide assurance the applicant has had a thorough briefing on the Practical Test Standards (PTS) and the associated knowledge areas, maneuvers, and procedures. If the flight instructor has trained and prepared the applicant competently, the applicant should have no difficulty in passing the written and practical tests.
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