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State of the Arts Address, December 12, 1998.
Midday with Gary Eichten, December 28, 1998.
CAT II/III Workshop
Flight Operations View
CAT II/III Flight
Operations View
• General Concepts ICAO/JAA/FAA
• Approval Process
– Aircraft Requirements
– Aerodrome Requirements
– Air Operator
CAT II
• CAT II DH<200 (60m)>=100(30m) and
RVR >= 1200ft (350m) (JAA 1000 (300)
• Sufficient visual reference for a manual
landing
• Equivalent level of safety by;
– airborne equipment
– ILS Facility
CAT II
• Equivalent level of safety by:
– visual aids
– flight crew training/procedures
– ATC procedures
– aircraft maintenance
– airfield maintenance
– criteria for obstacle clearance
CAT III
• ICAO/FAA - CAT IIIA DH <100(30m) or
no DH and RVR >= 700ft (200m) (JAA
always DH)
• ICAO/FAA - CAT IIIB DH <50ft (15m) or
no DH RVR < 700ft (200m) not <150ft
(50m) (JAA 250ft(75m))
• ICAO/FAA - CAT IIIC 0/0 (No JAA)
CAT III
• Not sufficient references to permit visual
landing
• Minimum to allow pilot to decide whether
aircraft will land in touchdown zone (CAT
IIIA) and ensure safety during roll-out (CAT
IIIB)
• Desired level of safety achieved with more
stringent requirements
DH/DA
• Decision altitude/height (DA/H) - is
the wheel height above the runway elevation
by which a go-around must be initiated unless
adequate visual reference has been established
and the aircraft position and approach path
have been assessed as satisfactory to continue
the approach and landing in safety (JAA)
Decision Height
• JAA - for CAT II and CAT IIIA the visual
reference to contain not less than a 3 light
segment
• JAA - CAT IIIB visual reference to contain
one centreline light
Alert Height
• Alert Height - height above runway based on the
characteristics of the aeroplane and its fail
operational automatic landing system, above
which a CAT III approach would be discontinued
and a missed approach initiated if a failure
occurred in one of the redundant parts of the
automatic landing system, or in the relevant
ground equipment
Alert Height
• Fail-operational automatic landing system -
if in the event of a failure, the approach, flare
and landing can be completed by the remaining
part of the automatic system.
• Fail-passive automatic landing system - in
the event of a failure there is no significant
deviation of aeroplane trim, flight path or
altitude but the landing will not be completed
automatically.
Alert Height
• Go-around above Alert Height for failures
(AFM) affecting fail operational system
• Below Alert Height continue except for
Autoland warning
• Height evaluated during certification -
typically 100 - 200feet
• Operators can select lower Alert Height
RVR
• Runway Visual Range - range over which a pilot
of an aircraft on the centreline of the runway can
see the runway surface markings or the lights
delineating the runway or identifying its centreline
• Transmissometers strategically located
• Three basic portions of runway - the touchdown
zone (TDZ), the mid-runway portion (MID) and
the rollout portion or stop end
RVR
• For CAT II TDZ required
• For CAT III TDZ and Mid required
• For lowest weather FAA requires all
• For CAT III with no DH JAA require only one
• RVR is not the Slant Visual Range (SVR) seen
by the pilot
RVR Minima
• Pilots require 1-3 seconds to establish visual contact
• To establish lateral position pilots required to see not less
than three lights
• To maintain lateral most pilots require to be able to see a
lateral element of ground pattern
• Vertical plane - see a point which has low apparent
movement relative to the aircraft
RVR Minima
• Establish an RVR to to be associated with that DH to
ensure required visual reference is established
• Correlation between visual segment SVR - RVR
• Eye position is important
• Landing lights can obscure required visual reference
in CAT III
Minimum Approach
Break-off Height
• MABH is the lowest height above ground
measured by radio-altimeter such that if a
missed approach is initiated without external
references:
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