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1) at speeds that, in the prevailing visibility, will give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or
any obstacles in time to avoid collision; or
2) in circumstances in which the probability of encounters with other traffic would normally be low,
e.g. in areas of low volume traffic and for aerial work at low levels.
b) HELICOPTERS may be permitted to operate in less than 1 500 m flight visibility, if manoeuvred at a
speed that will give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any obstacles in time to avoid
collision.
***The VMC minima in Class A airspace are included for guidance to pilots and do not imply acceptance
of VFR flights in Class A airspace.
4/11/99
No. 35
ANNEX 2 17
CHAPTER 4. VISUAL FLIGHT RULES
4.1 Except when operating as a special VFR flight, VFR
flights shall be conducted so that the aircraft is flown in
conditions of visibility and distance from clouds equal to or
greater than those specified in Table 3-1.
4.2 Except when a clearance is obtained from an air
traffic control unit, VFR flights shall not take off or land at an
aerodrome within a control zone, or enter the aerodrome traffic
zone or traffic pattern:
a) when the ceiling is less than 450 m (1 500 ft); or
b) when the ground visibility is less than 5 km.
4.3 VFR flights between sunset and sunrise, or such other
period between sunset and sunrise as may be prescribed by the
appropriate ATS authority, shall be operated in accordance
with the conditions prescribed by such authority.
4.4 Unless authorized by the appropriate ATS authority,
VFR flights shall not be operated:
a) above FL 200;
b) at transonic and supersonic speeds.
4.5 Authorization for VFR flights to operate above FL 290
shall not be granted in areas where a vertical separation
minimum of 300 m (1 000 ft) is applied above FL 290.
4.6 Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or
except by permission from the appropriate authority, a VFR
flight shall not be flown:
a) over the congested areas of cities, towns or settlements
or over an open-air assembly of persons at a height less
than 300 m (1 000 ft) above the highest obstacle within
a radius of 600 m from the aircraft;
b) elsewhere than as specified in 4.6 a), at a height less
than 150 m (500 ft) above the ground or water.
Note.— See also 3.1.2.
4.7 Except where otherwise indicated in air traffic control
clearances or specified by the appropriate ATS authority, VFR
flights in level cruising flight when operated above 900 m
(3 000 ft) from the ground or water, or a higher datum as
specified by the appropriate ATS authority, shall be conducted
at a flight level appropriate to the track as specified in the
Tables of cruising levels in Appendix 3.
4.8 VFR flights shall comply with the provisions of 3.6:
a) when operated within Classes B, C and D airspace;
b) when forming part of aerodrome traffic at controlled
aerodromes; or
c) when operated as special VFR flights.
4.9 A VFR flight operating within or into areas, or along
routes, designated by the appropriate ATS authority in accordance
with 3.3.1.2 c) or d) shall maintain continuous air-ground
voice communication watch on the appropriate communication
channel of, and report its position as necessary to, the air traffic
services unit providing flight information service.
Note.— See Notes following 3.6.5.1.
4.10 An aircraft operated in accordance with the visual
flight rules which wishes to change to compliance with the
instrument flight rules shall:
a) if a flight plan was submitted, communicate the
necessary changes to be effected to its current flight
plan, or
b) when so required by 3.3.1.2, submit a flight plan to the
appropriate air traffic services unit and obtain a
clearance prior to proceeding IFR when in controlled
airspace.
4/11/99
No. 35
18 ANNEX 2
CHAPTER 5. INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES
5.1 Rules applicable to all IFR flights
5.1.1 Aircraft equipment
Aircraft shall be equipped with suitable instruments and with
navigation equipment appropriate to the route to be flown.
5.1.2 Minimum levels
Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or except when
specifically authorized by the appropriate authority, an IFR
flight shall be flown at a level which is not below the minimum
flight altitude established by the State whose territory is
overflown, or, where no such minimum flight altitude has been
established:
a) over high terrain or in mountainous areas, at a level
which is at least 600 m (2 000 ft) above the highest
obstacle located within 8 km of the estimated position of
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