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The most critical conditions of takeoff performance
are the result of some combination of high gross
weight, altitude, temperature, and unfavorable wind.
In all cases, the pilot must make an accurate calculation
of takeoff distance from the performance data
of the AFM/POH, regardless of the runway available,
and strive for a polished, professional takeoff
procedure. In the calculation of takeoff distance from
the AFM/POH data, the following primary considerations
must be given:
• Pressure altitude and temperature — to define
the effect of density altitude on distance.
• Gross weight — a large effect on distance.
• Wind — a large effect on wing inflation and
overall distance.
• Runway slope and condition — the effect of an
incline and the retarding effect of factors such
as snow, ice, or uncut grass.
Noise Abatement
Aircraft noise problems have become a major concern
at many airports throughout the country. Many local
communities have pressured airports into developing
specific procedures that will help limit aircraft noise
while operating over nearby areas. For years now, the
FAA, airport managers, aircraft operators, pilots, and
special interest groups have been working together to
minimize aircraft noise for nearby sensitive areas. As
a result, noise abatement procedures have been developed
for many of these airports that include standardized
profiles and procedures to achieve these lower
noise goals.
Standard noise abatement procedures don’t necessarily
apply to powered parachutes, but similar issues
exist. Powered parachutes fly at lower altitudes, fly
tighter patterns, and tend to fly early in the morning
and late in the evening when the winds are lightest.
Powered parachute pilots should actively work with
airport management to determine takeoff areas, patterns,
and procedures that emphasize both safety and
good neighborhood relations.
Specific noise abatement flight procedures are found
in the A/FD where runway surface, slope and elevation
can be found for flight planning.
7-10
8-1
This chapter introduces the various classifications
of airspace and provides information on the requirements
to operate in such airspace. For further information,
consult the Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical
Information, the Aeronautical Information Manual
(AIM) and Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations
(14 CFR) parts 71, 73, and 91.
Powered parachutes (PPC) share the airspace with
all other types of aircraft and must avoid the flow
of fixed wing aircraft. Although most PPCs fly low,
slow and close to the field, you must be aware of the
airspace in which you are operating. Each type of airspace
has communication, equipment, visibility and
cloud clearance requirements, and therefore may require
additional pilot training with logbook endorsements.
Some airspace may not be accessible (Class A)
while other airspace (Class B and Class C) may not
be prudent for PPC operation. Knowing the types of
airspace and their requirements is necessary for safe
and proper PPC operations.
The two categories of airspace are: regulatory and
non-regulatory. Within these two categories, there are
four types: controlled, uncontrolled, special use, and
other airspace.
Each type of airspace may have different minimum
pilot certification, equipment, visibility and cloud
clearance, and entry requirements.
Figure 8-1 presents a profile view of the dimensions
of various airspace classes. Figure 8-2 provides the
basic weather minimums for operating in the different
airspace classes. Figure 8-3 lists the operational and
equipment requirements. Refer to these figures as you
review this chapter.
Controlled Airspace
Controlled airspace is a generic term that covers the
different classifications of airspace and defined dimensions
within which air traffic control service is
provided in accordance with the airspace classification.
Controlled airspace consists of Class A, Class B,
Class C, Class D, and Class E.
Class A Airspace
Class A airspace is generally the airspace from 18,000
feet mean sea level (MSL) up to and including 60,000
feet (FL600), including the airspace overlying the
Figure 8-1. Airspace at a glance.
8-2
waters within 12 nautical miles (NM) of the coast of
the 48 contiguous states and Alaska. Unless otherwise
authorized, all operation in Class A airspace will be
conducted under instrument flight rules (IFR). It is not
likely PPCs will be operated in Class A airspace.
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Powered Parachute Flying Handbook动力伞飞行手册(65)
