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Others, such as antihistamines, blood pressure
drugs, muscle relaxants, and agents to control diarrhea
and motion sickness, have side effects that may
impair the same critical functions.
Pain killers or over-the-counter analgesics, such as
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), Tylenol (acetaminophen),
and Advil (ibuprofen), have few side effects
when taken in the correct dosage. Flying is usually
not restricted when taking these drugs. However, flying
is almost always precluded while using prescription
analgesics such as Darvon, Percodan, Demerol,
and codeine, since these drugs may cause side effects
such as mental confusion, dizziness, headaches, nausea,
and vision problems.
Regulations prohibit pilots from performing duties
while using any medication that affects their abilities
in any way contrary to safety. The safest rule is not to
fly while taking any medication, unless approved to
do so by an Aviation Medical Examiner (AME).
Middle Ear and Sinus Problems
As powered parachutes are not pressurized, atmospheric
pressure changes will affect pilots flying to
high altitudes. Atmospheric pressure decreases as you
ascend, and increases as you descend. The pilot’s in1-
7
ner ear does not always have a means to adjust its
contained air pressure to the outside or ambient air
pressure. When the pressure in the inner ear is anything
different than the outside air pressure, the result
can be pain as the eardrum bulges outward or inward
in reaction to the pressure differential.
To resolve this condition you need to equalize the
pressure via the eustachian tube that leads from the
middle ear to your mouth. One method of doing this
is to pinch your nostrils shut, close your mouth and
lips, and blow slowly and gently in the mouth and
nose. This procedure forces air up the eustachian tube
into the middle ear. If you have a cold, an ear infection,
or sore throat, you may not be able to equalize
the pressure in your ears. A flight in this condition
can be extremely painful, as well as damaging to your
eardrums. Hence, flying is not recommended if you
have an illness with symptoms around the ears, nose
or mouth.
Fatigue
Fatigue is frequently associated with pilot error. Many
pilots do not want to readily admit that fatigue could
be a detrimental factor to their flight skills. Some of
the effects of fatigue include degradation of attention,
degradation of concentration, impaired coordination,
and decreased ability to communicate. These factors
can seriously influence a pilot’s ability to make effective
decisions.
Whether you experience physical fatigue from a lack
of sleep or physical work, or mental fatigue from
stress, you should consider staying grounded.
Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation occurs when you are experiencing
emotional stress, fright, or pain, and your breathing
rate and depth increase although the carbon dioxide
(CO2) is already at a reduced level in the blood. The
result is an excessive loss of carbon dioxide from your
body, which can lead to unconsciousness due to the
respiratory system’s overriding mechanism to regain
breathing control.
The typical symptoms need to be recognized and
should not be confused with hypoxia, which shares
some indicators. Lightheadedness, feelings of suffocation,
and drowsiness can be some of the first signs.
Hyperventilation may produce a pale, clammy appearance
and muscle spasms compared to the cyanosis
and limp muscles associated with hypoxia. As
hyperventilation progresses, you may then feel tingling
in the extremities, then muscle cramps; cramps
that can be become severe and painful. If you don’t
correct your breathing, your brain will override your
consciousness, and cause you to faint, while the brain
regains control of your breathing.
Hyperventilation can occur when a pilot feels an
excessive amount of stress, fear or anxiety. An unexpected
or extreme encounter with a thermal or turbulence
may unconsciously increase your breathing
rate. These situations and the associated feelings tend
to increase the rate and size of breath, which then results
in clearing too much CO2 from the body.
The solution is to relax and slow down your breathing.
This can be accomplished by talking or singing out
loud, or breathing into a paper bag which keeps fresh
oxygenated air from further reducing the CO2 in your
system. Symptoms will rapidly subside after the rate
and depth of breathing are brought under control.
Hypoxia
Hypoxia is a lack of oxygen. There are many forms of
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Powered Parachute Flying Handbook动力伞飞行手册(10)
