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to properly position the helicopter.
Because of the great danger from the main rotor or tail
rotor of the helicopter to personnel, docks, or vessels,
pilots should never attempt to water taxi up to a dock
or vessel. In addition, loading or unloading passengers
or freight from a partially afloat helicopter with the
rotors turning is extremely dangerous. When loading
or unloading passengers, the helicopter should be
resting on a hard surface, either on the shore or on a
helipad on a dock or on a boat. Passengers should
always:
• stay away from the rear of the helicopter,
• approach or leave the helicopter in a crouching
manner,
• approach from the side or front, but never out of
the pilot’s line of vision,
• hold firmly to loose articles and never chase
after articles that are blown away by the rotor
downwash, and
• never grope or feel their way toward or away
from the helicopter.
GROUND HANDLING
On helicopters equipped with floats-on-skids, ground
handling usually can be performed with normal or
slightly modified ground handling wheels. With the
ground handling wheels kept onboard, the helicopter
can be handled at any landing facility. On helicopters
equipped with skids-on-floats, the helicopter must be
transported by a special dolly or wheeled platform on
which the helicopter lands. Unless a dolly or platform
is available at the destination, the aircraft usually
remains where it lands.
SKI EQUIPPED HELICOPTERS
Ski equipped helicopters are capable of operating from
snow and other soft surfaces that might otherwise
inhibit conventional gear helicopters. [Figure 9-6]
Snow can greatly reduce visibility causing pilot disorientation;
therefore, special procedures are used when
operating in snow.
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9-7
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE
REQUIREMENTS
Helicopter skis are made from plastics and composite
materials such as fiberglass with steel and aluminum
hardware. Steel runners on the bottoms of the skis
protect them during hard surface operations.
Excessive wear of these runners can lead to wear or
damage to the skis.
All of the steel bands securing the skis to the skids
should have a protective rubber lining preventing the
bands from wearing into the skids. This lining should
be replaced if it becomes brittle or shows signs of
wear.
Have any damage to the skis repaired before flight
even if the skis are not needed, or simply have the skis
removed. A cracked ski could break off and damage
the helicopter or injure people on the ground.
OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
Apart from the small weight penalty and slight reduction
in speed, a ski equipped helicopter operates
exactly like one with no skis. The main concern when
operating with skis is to avoid operations that may
damage the skis, such as landing on rocks or rough
hard surfaces.
PREFLIGHT REQUIREMENTS
The preflight inspection consists of the standard
aircraft inspection and includes additional items associated
with the skis. The POH or RFM contains the
appropriate supplements and additional inspection
criteria. Typical inspection criteria include:
• Hardware—Inspect all of the steel bands and
bolts securing the skis to the skids for security.
Check for any movement of the skis on the skids.
A torque stripe can help determine if any movement
has occurred.
• Liner—Inspect the rubber liner between the
steel bands and the skids.
• Runners—Inspect the steel runners on the
bottoms of the skis.
• Condition—Inspect the skis for cracks and
check the edges for separation of fiber layers.
• Clean—Remove all snow and ice from the skis
which could break off and cause damage to the
tail rotor during flight.
• Ski Freedom—In cold weather, it is common for
the skis to freeze to the surface. Inspect the skis
for freedom of movement.
STARTING
Helicopter starting procedures on snow and ice are
identical to a hard surface starting procedure except
that care must be taken to maintain antitorque control
on a slippery surface. When performing the
free-wheeling unit check on ice, place the pedals in the
autorotation position to prevent the helicopter from
spinning.
TAXIING AND HOVERING
When hovering over snow, the rotorwash may create a
white-out condition if sufficient loose snow is present.
Blowing and drifting snow may give the illusion of
movement in the opposite direction. When operating
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