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1. Establish a heading 140º off the selected landing
heading.
2. Lower the flaps and establish the desired landing
pattern approach speed.
3. As close to 2,000 feet above the surface as possible,
set the parachute flare and adjust the altitude
so the flare ignites at 1,700 feet.
4. Release the flare and begin a descent of 900
f.p.m. while maintaining heading for 45 seconds.
If the starting altitude is other than 2,000 feet,
determine the rate of descent by subtracting 200
feet and dividing by two. (For example, 1800
feet minus 200 is 1600, divided by 2 equals an
800 f.p.m. rate of descent).
5. After 45 seconds, make a standard rate turn of 3º
per second toward the landing heading in line
with the flare. This turn is 220º and takes approximately
73 seconds.
6. Roll out on the landing heading in line with the
flare at an altitude of 200 feet. During the last
two-thirds of the turn, the water is clearly visible
and the seaplane can be controlled by visual
reference.
7. Land straight ahead using the light of the flare.
Do not overshoot. Overshooting the flare results
in a shadow in front of the aircraft making depth
perception very difficult. The best touchdown
point is several hundred yards short of the flare.
A rapid descent in the early stages of the approach
allows a slow rate of descent when near the water. This
should prevent flying into the water at a high rate of
descent due to faulty depth perception or altimeter setting.
[Figure 8-8]
LANDING BY MARKERS
If parachute flares are not available, use a series of
lighted markers to establish visual cues for landing.
When a landing heading has been determined and all
emergency and cockpit procedures are completed, use
drift signals or smoke floats and perform the landing
approach as follows:
1. Establish a heading on the reciprocal of the landing
heading.
2. Drop up to 20 markers at 2 second intervals.
3. Perform a right 90º turn followed immediately
by a 270º left turn while descending to 200 feet.
4. Slightly overshoot the turn to the final approach
heading to establish a path parallel and slightly
to the right of the markers.
Ch 08.qxd 8/25/04 11:27 AM Page 8-6
8-7
5. Establish a powered approach with a 200 f.p.m.
rate of descent and airspeed 10 percent to 20 percent
above stall speed with flaps down, as if for
a glassy water landing.
6. Maintain the landing attitude until water contact,
and reduce power to idle after touchdown.
Do not use landing lights during the approach unless
considerable whitecaps are present. The landing lights
may cause a false depth perception. [Figure 8-9]
EMERGENCY LANDING UNDER
INSTRUMENT CONDITIONS
When surface visibilities are near zero, the pilot has
no alternative but to fly the seaplane onto the water by
instruments. A landing heading can be estimated from
forecasts prior to departure, broadcast sea conditions,
or reports from ships in the area. Obtain the latest local
altimeter setting to minimize the possibility of altitude
errors during the approach.
Due to the high possibility of damage or capsizing
upon landing, be sure all occupants have life vests on
and secure all loose items prior to touchdown. Remove
liferafts and survival equipment from their storage
containers and give them to those occupants closest to
the exits. Prior to the landing pattern, unlatch doors to
prevent jamming caused by airframe distortion from a
hard landing. If time permits, transmit a distress call
and activate the emergency locator transmitter.
After choosing a landing heading, establish a final
approach with power and set up for a glassy water
landing. Establish a rate of descent of 200 f.p.m. and
maintain airspeed 10 to 20 percent above stall speed
with flaps down. Establish the landing attitude by
referring to the instruments. Maintain this approach
until the seaplane makes contact with the water, or
until visual contact is established.
140°
220°
73 Seconds
45
Seconds
200
Feet
Touchdown
Zone
2,000
Feet
Landing
Heading
Figure 8-8. Landing by parachute flare.
Landing
Heading
Touchdown
Zone
200 f.p.m. Rate of
Descent 10% to 20%
Above Stall Speed.
Flaps Down
90°
270°
200 Feet
Figure 8-9. Landing by markers.
Ch 08.qxd 10/25/04 2:37 PM Page 8-7
8-8
ESCAPING A SUBMERGED SEAPLANE
If a seaplane capsizes, it is absolutely essential that
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