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both pilot and passengers understand how to exit the
seaplane and find their way safely to the surface. Pilots
should become thoroughly familiar with possible
escape scenarios and practice to the extent possible so
that they will be able to react instantly in an emergency.
Passengers can not be expected to have any prior training
in water survival, and an actual emergency is not a
good time to try to instruct them. Therefore, a complete
briefing before takeoff is very important. At a minimum,
the portions of the passenger briefing that deal
with escaping from the seaplane in an emergency
should cover orientation, water pressure issues, the use
of flotation equipment, and both normal and unusual
methods of leaving the seaplane.
ORIENTATION
Many of those who have survived seaplane accidents
emphasize how disorienting this situation can be.
Unlike the clear water of a swimming pool, the water
around a seaplane after an accident is usually murky and
dark, and may be nearly opaque with suspended silt. In
most cases the seaplane is in an unusual attitude,
making it difficult for passengers to locate doors or
emergency exits. In a number of cases, passengers have
drowned while pilots have survived simply because of
the pilots’ greater familiarity with the inside of the
seaplane. Use the preflight briefing to address disorientation
by helping passengers orient themselves
regardless of the seaplane’s attitude. Help the
passengers establish a definite frame of reference inside
the seaplane, and remind them that even if the cabin is
inverted, the doors and exits remain in the same
positions relative to their seats. Also, brief passengers
on how to find their way to the surface after getting
clear of the seaplane. Bubbles always rise toward the
surface, so advise passengers to follow the bubbles to
get to the surface.
WATER PRESSURE
The pressure of water against the outside of the doors
and windows may make them difficult or impossible to
open. Passengers must understand that doors and windows
that are already underwater may be much easier
to open, and that it may be necessary to equalize the
pressure on both sides of a door or window before it
will open. This means allowing the water level to rise
or flooding the cabin adjacent to the door, which can be
very counter-intuitive when trapped underwater.
FLOTATION EQUIPMENT
Personal flotation devices (PFDs) are highly recommended
for pilots and all passengers on seaplanes.
Since the probability of a passenger finding, unwrapping,
and putting on a PFD properly during an actual
capsizing is rather low, some operators encourage
passengers to wear them during the starting, taxiing,
takeoff, landing, and docking phases of flight.
Not all PFDs are appropriate for use in aircraft. Those
that do not have to be inflated, and that are bulky and
buoyant all the time, can be more of a liability in an
emergency, and actually decrease the wearer’s chances
of survival. Many of the rigid PFDs used for water
recreation are not suitable for use in a seaplane. In general,
PFDs for aircraft should be inflatable so that they
do not keep the user from fitting through small openings
or create buoyancy that could prevent the wearer
from swimming downward to an exit that is underwater.
Obviously, once the wearer is clear of the seaplane,
the PFD can be inflated to provide ample support on
the water.
The pretakeoff briefing should include instructions
and a demonstration of how to put on and adjust the
PFD, as well as how to inflate it. It is extremely important
to warn passengers never to inflate the PFD inside
the seaplane. Doing so could impede their ability to
exit, prevent them from swimming down to a submerged
exit, risk damage to the PFD that would make
it useless, and possibly block the exit of others from
the seaplane.
NORMAL AND UNUSUAL EXITS
The briefing should include specifics of operating the
cabin doors and emergency exits, keeping in mind that
this may need to be done without the benefit of vision.
Doors and emergency exits may become jammed due
to airframe distortion during an accident, or they may
be too hard to open due to water pressure. Passengers
should be aware that kicking out a window or the
windshield may be the quickest and easiest way to exit
the seaplane. Because many seaplanes come to rest in
a nose-down position due to the weight of the engine,
the baggage compartment door may offer the best path
to safety.
In addition to covering these basic areas, be sure to
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