曝光台 注意防骗
网曝天猫店富美金盛家居专营店坑蒙拐骗欺诈消费者
might be 200 feet above the surface. Landing
preparation includes completion of the landing checklist
and extension of flaps as recommended by the
manufacturer. The objective is to have the seaplane
ready to contact the water soon after it reaches the target
altitude, so at approximately 200 feet above the
surface, raise the nose to the attitude normally used for
touchdown, and adjust the power to provide a constant
descent rate of no more than 150 feet per minute
(f.p.m.) at an airspeed approximately 10 knots above
stall speed. Maintain this attitude, airspeed, and rate of
descent until the seaplane contacts the water. Once the
landing attitude and power setting are established, the
airspeed and descent rate should remain the same
without further adjustment, and the pilot should
closely monitor the instruments to maintain this stable
glide. Power should only be changed if the airspeed or
rate of descent deviate from the desired values. Do not
flare, but let the seaplane fly onto the water in the landing
attitude. [Figure 6-7]
Upon touchdown, apply gentle back pressure to the
elevator control to maintain the same pitch attitude.
Close the throttle only after the seaplane is firmly on
the water. Three cues provide verification through
three different senses—vision, hearing, and body sensation.
The pilot sees a slight nose-down pitch at
touchdown and perhaps spray thrown to the sides by
the floats, hears the sound of the water against the
floats, and feels the deceleration force. Accidents have
resulted from cutting the power suddenly after the initial
touchdown. To the pilot’s surprise, a skip had taken
place and as the throttle closed, the seaplane was 10 to
15 feet in the air and not on the water, resulting in a
stall and substantial damage. Be sure all of the cues
Flare Too Early Stall
Failure to Flare
Figure 6-6. The consequences of misjudging altitude over glassy water can be catastrophic.
Ch 06.qxd 8/25/04 10:45 AM Page 6-6
6-7
indicate that the seaplane is staying on the water
before closing the throttle. After the seaplane settles
into a displacement taxi, complete the after-landing
checklist and lower the water rudders.
An accurately set altimeter may allow the pilot to set
up for the touchdown at an altitude somewhat closer
to the surface. If the pilot can be certain that the landing
configuration and 150 f.p.m. descent will be
established well above the water’s surface, starting
the final glide nearer the surface shortens the descent
time and overall landing length.
This technique usually produces a safe, comfortable
landing, but the long, shallow glide consumes considerable
landing distance. Be certain there is sufficient
room for the glide, touchdown, and water run.
ROUGH WATER LANDING
Rough is a very subjective and relative term. Water
conditions that cause no difficulty for small boats can
be too rough for a seaplane. Likewise, water that poses
no challenge to a large seaplane or an experienced
pilot may be very dangerous for a smaller seaplane or
a less experienced pilot.
Describing a typical or ideal rough water landing procedure
is impractical because of the many variables
that affect the water’s surface. Wind direction and
speed must be weighed along with the surface conditions
of the water. In most instances, though, make the
approach the same as for any other water landing. It
may be better, however, to level off just above the
water surface and increase the power sufficiently to
maintain a rather flat attitude until conditions appear
more acceptable, and then reduce the power to touch
down. If severe bounces occur, add power and lift off
to search for a smoother landing spot.
In general, make the touchdown at a somewhat flatter
pitch attitude than usual. This prevents the seaplane
from being tossed back into the air at a dangerously
low airspeed, and helps the floats to slice through the
tops of the waves rather than slamming hard against
them. Reduce power as the seaplane settles into the
water, and apply back pressure as it comes off the step
to keep the float bows from digging into a wave face.
If a particularly large wave throws the seaplane into
the air before coming off the step, be ready to apply
full power to go around.
Avoid downwind landings on rough water or in strong
winds. Rough water is usually an indication of strong
winds, and vice versa. Although the airspeed for landing
is the same, wind velocity added to the seaplane’s
normal landing speed can result in a much higher
中国航空网 www.aero.cn
航空翻译 www.aviation.cn
本文链接地址：
Seaplane, Skiplane, and FloatSki Equipped Helicopter Operati(39)
