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landing gear configuration, depending on the type of
ski and the tension of the springs or bungees holding
the fronts of the skis up.
Understand both the limitations and advantages of the
ski equipment. Compared to the standard wheel
equipped airplane that incorporates individual brakes
for steering, skis are clumsy and the airplane is less
maneuverable while on the ground. Like a floatplane,
a skiplane has a tendency to weathervane with the
wind and needs considerable space to maneuver.
Maneuvering on the ground and parking require special
techniques which are acquired only through
practice.
TYPES OF SNOW
• Powder Snow—Dry snow in which the water
content and ambient temperature are low.
• Wet Snow—Contains high moisture and is
associated with warmer temperatures near the
freezing point.
• Granular Snow—Wet snow that has had a
temperature drop causing the snow to ball up
and/or crust.
TYPES OF ICE
• Glaze Ice—Snow that has been packed down and
frozen to a solid ice pack, or frozen snow.
• Glare Ice—A smooth sheet of ice that is exceedingly
slippery with no deformities, cracks, or
other irregularities in the surface. This ice lacks
any kind of traction, with a coefficient of friction
near zero.
• Clear Ice—Ice that forms smoothly over a surface
and has a transparent appearance.
Figure 7-3. Penetration ski.
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7-3
attracting attention and signaling for help in both
daylight and darkness; and treatment of injuries.
Obtain appropriate survival training and know how
to make effective use of the equipment. Whether the
cause is a forced landing or an engine that fails to
restart after landing at a remote location, the survival
gear and clothing should keep the pilot and passengers
alive until help arrives.
When planning for an overnight stay away from an airport,
or if the skiplane is routinely parked outside, other
items may be added to the equipment carried on the
skiplane. These might include portable tiedowns, a
flashlight, a shovel, and a broom. Wing and fuselage
covers can prevent the buildup of frost and snow, simplifying
the preflight. In temperatures below 0° F, an
engine cover and a catalytic heater may be necessary to
preheat the engine compartment. If the pilot carries
appropriate hand tools and a bucket, the crankcase oil
can be drained from the engine and kept indoors. It may
also be helpful to remove the battery and keep it in a
warmer location. Many pilots carry burlap sacks, plastic
garbage bags, or wooden slats to place under the skis to
prevent them from freezing to the surface. Some carry a
can of non-stick cooking spray to use on the bottom of
the ski to avoid sticking or freezing to the surface.
Depending on the needs of the skiplane, it may be necessary
to carry extra engine oil, hydraulic fluid, or
deicer fluid. Markers such as red rags, colored flags, or
glow sticks may come in handy, as well as 50 feet of
nylon rope, and an ice pick or ice drill. Select equipment
according to the situation, and know how to use it.
If a skiplane has been sitting outside overnight, the
most important preflight issues are to ensure that the
airframe is free of snow, ice, and frost and that the skis
are not frozen to the ground. Often, while sitting on
the ground, precipitation may fall and cover the
skiplane. Temperatures on the ground may be slightly
colder than in the air from which the precipitation
falls. When liquid precipitation contacts the colder aircraft
structure, it can freeze into a coating of clear ice,
which must be removed completely before flight.
Wing and tail surfaces must be completely frost free.
Any frost, ice, or snow destroys lift and also can cause
aileron or elevator flutter. Aerodynamic flutter is
extremely dangerous and can cause loss of control or
structural failure.
The preflight inspection consists of the standard aircraft
inspection and includes additional items associated with
the skis. The AFM or POH contains the appropriate
supplements and additional inspection criteria. Typical
inspection criteria include:
• Skis—Examine the skis for damage, delamination,
sheathing security, and overall condition.
SURFACE ENVIRONMENTS
• Glaciers—Sloping snow or ice packs.
• Frozen Lakes—Frozen bodies of water with or
without snow cover.
• Tundra—A large area of grass clumps supporting
snow cover.
PREFLIGHT
Before departing on any trip, it is important to do
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