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the form of wakes, and sometimes
by underwater disturbances such as
volcanoes or earthquakes. The
waves have a uniform and orderly
appearance characterized by
smooth, rounded, regularly spaced
wave crests.
SWELL DIRECTION — The
direction from which a swell is
moving. Once set in motion, swells
tend to maintain their original direction
for as long as they continue in
deep water, regardless of wind
direction. Swells may be moving
into or across the local wind.
SWELL FACE—The side of the
swell toward the observer. The back
is the side away from the observer.
These terms apply regardless of the
direction of swell movement.
SWELL LENGTH—The horizontal
distance between successive
crests.
SWELL PERIOD — The time
interval between the passage of two
successive crests at the same spot in
the water, measured in seconds.
SWELL VELOCITY — The
velocity with which the swell
advances with relation to a fixed
reference point, measured in knots.
There is little movement of water
in the horizontal direction. Each
water particle transmits energy to
its neighbor, resulting primarily in
a vertical motion, similar to the
motion observed when shaking out
a carpet.
TIDES—The alternate rising and
falling of the surface of the ocean
and other bodies of water connected
with the ocean. They are caused by
the gravitational attraction of the
sun and moon occurring unequally
on different parts of the earth. Tides
typically rise and fall twice a day.
TIP FLOATS—Small floats near
the wingtips of flying boats or
floatplanes with a single main float.
The tip floats help stabilize the airplane
on the water and prevent the
wingtips from contacting the water.
TRANSOM—As it applies to
seaplanes, the rear bulkhead of a
float.
TROUGH—The low area between
two wave crests.
UPSWELL—Motion opposite the
direction the swell is moving. If the
swell is moving from north to
south, a seaplane going from south
to north is moving upswell.
VESSEL—Anything capable of
being used for transportation on
water, including seaplanes.
WATER RUDDERS—
Retractable control surfaces on the
back of each float that can be
extended downward into the water
to provide more directional control
when taxiing on the surface. They
are attached by cables and springs
to the air rudder and operated by
the rudder pedals in the cockpit.
WEATHERVANING—The tendency
of an aircraft to turn until it
points into the wind.
WINDWARD—Upwind, or the
upwind side of an object.
WING FLOATS—Stabilizer floats
found near the wingtips of flying
boats and single main float floatplanes
to prevent the wingtips from
contacting the water. Also called tip
floats.
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I-1
A
Aids for marine navigation 1-2
Altimeter setting 6-7
Amphibians 2-1, 6-2
Anchoring 6-9
Autorotation 9-2, 9-6, 9-8
Auxiliary fin 2-4, 5-2
B
Beaching 6-8, 6-10
Bilge pump 4-2
Bilge pump openings 2-2, 4-2
Bulkheads, float 2-2
Buoyancy 2-2, 4-3
Buoys 1-2, 1-3, 1-4
C
Center of buoyancy 4-4, 4-6,
Center of gravity 4-1, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3, 7-7
Centrifugal force (in turns) 4-6, 4-7, 4-14
Certificate, limitations 1-1
Chine 2-2
Clamp-on ski 7-1
Coast Guard rules 1-2
Combination ski 7-1, 7-2
Confined area operations 4-16, 6-7
Corrosion 4-1, 4-3
Crosswind 4-12, 4-13, 6-3, 7-5
Current 3-2, 4-8, 4-9, 6-5
D
Daybeacons and daymarks 1-2, 1-3, 1-4
Deck 2-2
Density altitude 4-11, 4-12, 5-1, 6-8, 9-5
Displacement 2-2, 4-3
Displacement position 4-3
Displacement
of float 2-2
position or attitude 4-3, 4-10
taxi 4-3
Docking 6-8, 6-10
Downwind takeoff 4-14
E
Escaping a submerged seaplane 8-8
F
Fetch 3-2, 8-1
Float construction 2-2, 2-3, 9-1
Float, weight-bearing capability 2-2, 9-1
Floatplane defined 2-1
Flying boat
definition 2-1
handling 4-9, 5-3
G
Glaciers 7-6
Glassy water 3-3, 4-15, 6-5, 9-4
Go-around 6-2, 6-8
H
Hovering 9-3, 9-7
Hull 2-1, 5-3
Hump (water drag) 4-9, 4-10, 4-11
Hydrodynamic lift 2-2, 4-4, 4-10
I
Ice (in floats) 4-3
Ice types 7-2
Idling 4-3, 4-8
Inland waters 1-2
International waters 1-2
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Seaplane, Skiplane, and FloatSki Equipped Helicopter Operati(6)
