A330/A340 机组训练手册 FCTM Flight Crew Training Manual 2(13)

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A 5 kt speed increment on VAPP produces a 5 % increase in landing distance with auto brake selected.
For a 50 ft Threshold Crossing Height, a shallower glide path angle increases the landing distance, as the projected touchdown point will be further down the runway.
Floating above the runway before touchdown must be avoided because it uses a large portion of the available runway. The aircraft should be landed as near the normal touchdown point as possible. Deceleration rate on the runway is approximately three times greater than in the air.
 
NORMAL OPERATIONS
LANDING
 
Reverse thrust and speedbrake drag are most effective during the high-speed portion of the landing. Therefore, reverse thrust should be selected without delay.
Speed brakes fully deployed, in conjunction with maximum reverse thrust and maximum manual anti-skid braking provides the minimum stopping distance.
Operational factors affecting actual landing distance
 
(1) Those coefficients are given as indications.
CLEARANCE AT TOUCH DOWN
Applicable to: ALL

Geometry limit at touch down Pitch attitude at
VAPP(Vref+5 kt) (1) Pitch attitude at touch down Clearance (2)
16 ° 4.5 ° 6.8 ° 9.2 °

(1) Flight path in approach: -3 °
(2) Clearance = geometry limit - pitch attitude at touch down
 
NORMAL OPERATIONS
LANDING
 
TAIL STRIKE AVOIDANCE
Applicable to: ALL
Although most of tail strikes are due to deviations from normal landing techniques, some are associated with external conditions such as turbulence and wind gradient.
DEVIATION FROM NORMAL TECHNIQUES
Deviations from normal landing techniques are the most common causes of tail strikes.
The main reasons for this are due to:
? Allowing the speed to decrease well below VAPP before flare
Flying at too low speed means high angle of attack and high pitch attitude, thus reducing ground clearance. When reaching the flare height, the pilot will have to significantly increase the pitch attitude to reduce the sink rate. This may cause the pitch to go beyond the critical angle.
? Prolonged hold off for a smooth touch down
As the pitch increases, the pilot needs to focus further ahead to assess the aircraft's position in relation to the ground. The attitude and distance relationship can lead to a pitch attitude increase beyond the critical angle.
? Too high flare
A high flare can result in a combined decrease in airspeed and a long float. Since both lead to an increase in pitch attitude, the result is reduced tail clearance.
? Too high sink rate, just prior reaching the flare height
In case of too high sink rate close to the ground, the pilot may attempt to avoid a firm touch down by commanding a high pitch rate. This action will significantly increase the pitch attitude and, as the resulting lift increase may be insufficient to significantly reduce the sink rate, the high pitch rate may be difficult to control after touch down, particularly in case of bounce.
　
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