Airborne-Based Conflict Probe(54)

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The waypoints that make-up the flight may consist of waypoints from the navigation data base, pilot defined waypoints, or temporary waypoints.
Some FMS allow the ability to load flight plans from external source into active flight plan. This may consist of datalinks or reading of flight plan from standard 3.5” floppies carried onto the aircraft by the flight crew.
Data base
The content of the data base varies with each navigator. There exist few requirements in existing certification standards regarding the required content of the navigation data base. The only requirement is the navigator must store the approach procedure and missed approach procedure if it is to be certified for flying approaches.
Each manufacturer tries to provide maximum content to data base. This provides maximum flexibility to the pilot for entering flight plan information without having to enter latitude/longitudes.
A typical navigator contains the following contents of the navigation data base:
1.
Airport Reference Points (ARP)

2.  
Airport runways

3.  
NAVAIDs (VOR, VORDME, TACAN, VORTAC, NDB, ILS, LOC, BAC, SDF, LDA)

4.  
Intersections

5.  
Airways

6.  
Pilot defined waypoints

7.  
Pilot defined stored flight plans

8.  
Terminal approach procedures (SID/STAR/Approach)

The size of the navigation data base varies greatly between manufacturers depending upon the operational capability of an aircraft. For example, a single engine general aviation aircraft operating the in the 48 contiguous states would require a data base that covers that area. A large business jet that travels internationally would require a world wide data base.

Navigation
The basic navigator uses a single sensor for position information. This may consist of a VOR/DME, LORAN-C, IRS, or more commonly GPS.
Navigators using VOR/DME for input integrate the change in position to compute aircraft velocities.
LORAN-C, IRS, and GPS navigators use the position and inertial velocities from the sensor.
Some navigators are able to interface to multiple sensors for computing aircraft position. These navigators contains logic in software to transition between sensors if failures occur in sensors or the quality of the sensor degrades. These navigators select the best sensor to compute optimum position.
More sophisticated FMS will also have polar capability. These FMS are able to handle the unique problems associated with polar operations.

Lateral Navigation
Lateral navigation is the function of the FMS that sends commands to the flight guidance computer to laterally steer the aircraft.
There exist different methods of lateral navigation. The basic navigator flies leg transitions “open loop”. Once a waypoint sequences, the navigator flies a heading to intercept the next leg of the flight plan.
　
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