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e) transmit “Mayday” if time permits;
f) choose area for touchdown; and
g) flare, cushion landing with collective.
2. Constant attitude autorotations may be used effectively at night. These are useful because they require minimum or no flare for a skids level attitude on touchdown, and the landing light remains effective throughout the landing sequence.
3. Other emergency procedures, which do not require an autorotation, are the same as by day. You must carry a serviceable flashlight in case of electrical failure.
4. Bear in mind that at night it will be more difficult to select a suitable landing area, usually lighter areas are clearer than darker areas. This is particularly true in winter operations where open fields stand out extremely well, as do ice covered lakes.
5. In case of disorientation or loss of visual reference, revert to flying by instruments, followed by a gentle 180 degree turn in order to regain visual reference to the ground.
EXERCISE 31 - NIGHT FLYING #2
INTRODUCTION
The principles of pilot navigation by night are basically similar to those used by day, except that map reading at night requires some special techniques.
PLANNING
A complete weather briefing and accurate pre-flight planning are even more important than by day. When examining the route, pay particular attention to the elevation of the terrain including any hills, peaks, or other obstructions such as towers. The minimum en-route altitude should be the cruising altitude appropriate to the aircraft track when flying greater than 3000 feet AGL. It is recommended that cruising altitudes be at least 1000 feet above the Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF) for the over flown sectors.
EN ROUTE
The following points in pilot navigation by night call for special consideration:
1. navigation features such as railways and country roads will generally not be visible to the pilot unless the ground is snow covered or there is a bright moon. At the same time, cities and towns will often be visible from a greater distance. Therefore, for visual night navigation, greater stress should be placed on positively identifiable lighted features such as cities and towns, large lakes or rivers;
2. the ability to map read will be dependent on the weather and the moon. Ground features show up better when viewed against the moon. Avoid depending on small lights on the ground for fixes, the scattered lights around a small community can easily give the impression of a much larger town;
3. all compass headings should be accurately maintained and corrections made only when the position, fixed by check points or radio aids, is absolutely certain;
4. accuracy in time keeping is essential; and
5. radio aids can be effectively used for night navigation.
Your instructor will select a route for initial pilot navigation practice that includes 3 or more legs with landmarks that are identifiable at night.
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直升机飞行训练手册 HELICOPTER FLIGHT TRAINING MANUAL(64)
