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You should now consider these factors in your high reconnaissance:
a) General Suitability. Establish that the selected area is worth a closer inspection and that no better or more suitable site is in the immediate vicinity.
b) Power Available. The size and “deepness” of the confined area that the helicopter may safely negotiate will vary with the density altitude and its all-up-weight, which in turn determines the power required.
c) Wind Velocity. An initial assessment of the wind should be made; this is to be confirmed during the low reconnaissance.
2. Low Reconnaissance. If satisfied with what you have seen during your high reconnaissance, lower the height above ground to proceed to a detailed recon.
Once again the height and airspeed that you fly this reconnaissance will vary according to helicopter type. You must be able to see well enough to make an accurate assessment of the approach track and the landing area. The height will vary between 300 and 500 feet AGL above the nearest obstacles or obstructions. Keep the area on your side of the helicopter during this reconnaissance. After descending from the high reconnaissance check the wind to confirm its direction and strength. Nearby smoke, small ripples on water, long grass, flags or tree leaves are good wind indicators. Quite often in strong winds the approach must be adapted to ensure landing into wind. On other occasions, it may be necessary to accept a crosswind, or in light conditions it may even be able to ignore the wind.
Now check the confined area according to the following:
a) Size – is it big enough?
b) Shape - does the shape favour an approach from any particular direction, bearing in mind the wind speed and direction.
c) Slope - is the ground level enough for a landing?
d) Surface - what is the surface of the area? Are there obstacles that might obstruct a landing such as brush, or might the surface be a hazard such as powder snow or swamp.
e) Surrounds - do the obstacles that encircle the landing area favour an approach (and a departure) from a particular direction. If the trees were shorter on one side, you might wish to consider making your approach from that direction, again the wind can sometimes be the deciding factor in your decision.
f) Sun - is the sun going to restrict the pilot’s visibility during the approach? It is undesirable to make an approach to a confined area landing looking into sun, as it will be extremely difficult to see individual hazards such as “dead head” trees and wires.
To effectively carry out the low reconnaissance, you must be at a height to see well enough to make an accurate evaluation of the approach and departure paths and the landing area. You should select the maximum height that will still allow you to make this judgement. Generally you will find that between 300 and 500 feet above the obstacles will be suitable. Too low and you may lose sight of the landing area; too high and you will be unable to discern details which may determine if the area is suitable.
3. The Dummy Approach. During your initial training in confined area procedures and indeed at any time when you feel it might be desirable, you should conduct a dummy approach prior to commencing the actual approach from which you intend to land. The dummy approach is carried out over the same flight path as the intended approach but, rather than a landing, will terminate with an overshoot at the top of the obstacles.
There may be times, when flying the low reconnaissance, when you are unable to see everything that is needed to make a decision as to the suitability of the selected area. In this case you may elect to fly a dummy approach, flying by with the area off to the pilot’s side to obtain the best visibility. It may be advisable to perform a power check at this time and to confirm the suitability of the chosen departure path. The need for a power check will be somewhat dependent upon the type of helicopter that you are flying. It is a requirement in a piston-engined helicopter, but may not be meaningful in a turbine-engined helicopter. The best method of determining the power available for your type of helicopter will be demonstrated. The dummy approach also gives an ideal opportunity to check for wires, pick out a lateral marker, landing spot and check for turbulence at treetop level. Look upon this approach as the confirmation of decisions made using the six S’s.
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直升机飞行训练手册 HELICOPTER FLIGHT TRAINING MANUAL(50)
