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Once having made the decision to carry out an emergency or a precautionary landing, these actions should be followed:
1. identify the emergency or malfunction and, where possible, confirm the emergency through other instruments;
2. reduce power and airspeed if appropriate. This will depend on the type of emergency or malfunction that occurs, should it be a transmission chip light, you would not want to reduce power completely, but rather make a power on approach to a landing;
3. select a suitable landing area. In the event of a malfunction, you obviously should not attempt to land the helicopter in an area where obstructions might cause damage. If you did that, you might succeed in making something minor into an emergency of rather larger proportions. On the other hand, an engine fire in flight is of a degree of urgency that would make almost any type of area acceptable;
4. transmit a “PAN” or a “MAYDAY” call as appropriate. Even though you may be out of radio contact, you should transmit this call blind as there is a good chance that a high flying aircraft will hear you. This could considerably reduce the time you spend on the ground should it not be possible to continue your flight; and
5. land. Attempt to make this as normal a landing as possible depending on the urgency of the situation. Land into wind if possible. Avoid the desire to rush the landing procedure.
Throughout your training, you will continue to practise simulated emergencies and malfunctions until your reactions to them become instinctive.
EXERCISE 15 - THE CIRCUIT
This exercise is to learn how to fly an accurate circuit practising all the manoeuvres that you have previously been taught. Your instructor will emphasize the need for precise airspeeds, altitudes, and headings when flying this exercise.
The circuit is of less importance in helicopter operations than in fixed wing flying. Nevertheless, it is valuable training exercise that consolidates all previous air exercises into one convenient package. Through practise of the circuit you will develop accuracy in all aspects of your flying.
Circuit patterns may vary in shape depending on local conditions and training requirements; your instructor will describe, and demonstrate, the one most appropriate to the helicopter type and the school location. The examples described here are referred to as a “racetrack” and a “square” probably the most commonly used helicopter training circuits (Fig 15-1 and 15-2).
Unless noted, Canadian Aviation Regulations require all circuits to be left hand, but often ATC will request a right hand circuit for separation from fixed wing circuits. Since it is likely that you will be flying your circuits in proximity to other aircraft, lookout is very important. Ensure that you perform a clearing turn prior to each transition to forward flight, and that you maintain a good lookout while flying the circuit itself. Although your instructor will emphasize accuracy, do not sacrifice a good lookout because you are concentrating on the instruments in an effort to achieve that accuracy.
Radio communications in the circuit will be performed as per tower instructions or per uncontrolled aerodrome procedures.
FLYING THE CIRCUIT
Choose an area for circuits that allows an into-wind takeoff and an approach path that is clear of obstacles. Before taking off, take note of the following:
1. take-off heading. The reciprocal of this heading will be the downwind heading. Drift corrections will not normally be required if the take-off heading is into the wind;
2. departure references. A readily visible ground reference such as a tree or building in the distance allows you to maintain the desired heading without concentrating on the instruments. Do not over fly buildings even if you use them for a reference; and
3. whether the circuit is to be right or left hand, depending on the circumstances.
RACETRACK PATTERN
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直升机飞行训练手册 HELICOPTER FLIGHT TRAINING MANUAL(26)
