直升机飞行训练手册 HELICOPTER FLIGHT TRAINING MANUAL(5)

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4. MAGNETIC COMPASS. This is the basic reference for heading information. The compass correction card indicates the corrected heading to steer to allow for compass deviation.
5. HEADING INDICATOR. This gyroscopic instrument has no magnetic qualities of its own and therefore must be set periodically by reference to the magnetic compass. Its main asset is that it provides a stable directional reference, and unlike the compass is relatively free from error during turns, acceleration, and deceleration in normal flight manoeuvres.
6. ATTITUDE INDICATOR. This is a gyroscopic instrument. It provides the pilot with an artificial horizon, which together with a miniature aircraft superimposed on its face enables the pilot to determine the aircraft’s attitude relative to the real horizon.
7. VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR. This is a pressure sensitive instrument, which indicates the rate at which the helicopter is climbing or descending in feet per minute.
8. OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE GAUGE. This is not a flight instrument, but is a valuable aid to flight safety since its indications can help the pilot assess the possibility of icing conditions. The instrument usually registers outside air temperature (OAT) in both degrees Celsius and Fahrenheit.
 

 
Figure 1-2: Engine Instruments
ENGINE INSTRUMENTS
1. DUAL TACHOMETER. This instrument indicates the number of revolutions per minute (RPM) that both the engine (ERPM) and the rotor blades (RRPM) are making. A separate needle is provided for each. In powered flight the needles are joined or ‘married’. In autorotation the needles are split. A turbine-engined helicopter’s dual tachometer is expressed as a percentage with 100% being the normal operating speed. (Fig 1-2).
2. MANIFOLD PRESSURE GAUGE. This instrument is calibrated in inches of mercury  and indicates the pressure in the intake manifold of the engine. Stated more simply, it indicates the amount of work the engine is doing; the higher the manifold pressure (MP) the more work the engine is doing, and vice versa. This instrument will only be found on piston-engined helicopters.
3. TORQUEMETER. This instrument is the MP gauge equivalent on a turbine-engined helicopter. It is normally expressed as a percentage with 100% being the maximum available, but in some helicopters foot/pounds are the measure used.
There are several gauges that are vital to the operation of the engine that will be covered  in detail by your instructor. All of these gauges indicate the temperatures and pressures  (T’s and P’s) of the engine at any given time. There is a common method of marking the instruments with colour coding, but you should memorize the limitations for the helicopter you are flying. Refer to the helicopter flight manual for the limitations during any phase of engine operation.
The first flight will be an entirely new experience, but what may look complicated and difficult at this time will become less and less so as your flight training progresses.
You will be asked to keep your hands lightly on the cyclic stick and collective lever, and your feet lightly on the tail rotor pedals. The instructor will emphasise that only small, smooth movements are required to control the helicopter, and will briefly discuss procedures to be followed in future flight training exercises.
There will be a temptation for anyone who has never flown before to lean away from the bank as the aircraft turns. Resist this temptation as strongly as possible and attempt to become “one with the helicopter”.
The instructor will point out readily identifiable local landmarks and explain their orientation to the heliport/airport. The function of the airspeed indicator and the altimeter will be explained, and periodically you may be asked to report the altitude and airspeed of the helicopter. The function of other instruments may also be explained.
Your instructor will explain the need for a positive handover and takeover of the flight controls. The person flying the helicopter will ensure that the other is on the controls before saying “You have control”; the person assuming control will then respond “I have control” and fly the helicopter.
　
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