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path, and descending along the natural trail angle of the hose to prevent
damage to the tanker and/or refueling aircraft.
A1-F18EA-NFM-000
III-9-7 ORIGINAL
9.2.2.5 KC-10 Refueling Operations. The KC-10 tanker is equipped with a centerline hose reel
system and/or two Wing Aerial Refueling Pods (WARP). Maximum in-flight refueling airspeed and
altitude for the F/A-18E/F when refueling from the KC-10 is 275 KCAS and 25,000 feet with an
optimum airspeed of 220 KCAS. At airspeeds above 250 KCAS, tanker induced light turbulence causes
random drogue movement of 2 to 3 feet while 1 foot of movement will be encountered at airspeeds less
than 250 KCAS. The recommended closure rate is 2 to 3 knots.
When joining a flight of receiver aircraft, do not close astern of the KC-10
within 1 to 3 miles from co-altitude to 500 feet below. Loss of aircraft
control can occur if wake turbulence is encountered.
Excessive closure rates may exceed the capabilities of the take-up reel. If
this should happen, a sine wave develops in the hose. Immediate
disengagement is required to prevent damage to the aircraft.
9.2.2.6 KC-135 Refueling Operations. The KC-135 hose has a fixed length of 9 feet attached by a
swiveling coupling to the end of a telescoping boom. The hose terminates in a hard, non-collapsible
drogue and has no reel retraction capability. The following refueling parameters are recommended:
· Airspeed of 200 to 275 KCAS or 0.8 Mach (whichever is less).
· Closure rate of 2 knots or less.
Aerial refueling from the KC-135 is fundamentally different from the standard Navy hose-drogue
systems. After assuming a standard ready position, add power to create a closure rate of 2 knots or less.
Due to the short length of hose and the weight of the drogue, the aircraft-to-drogue air stream
interaction is minimized.
Excessive closure rates (greater than 2 knots) may result in damage to the
aircraft of the refueling drogue.
Once contact has been made, the drogue must be pushed in approximately 4 feet and held in that
position within ±2 feet fore and aft for fuel to flow (the hose forms a U-shape when in the correct
position). If the F/A-18E/F is positioned too far aft with the hose near the trail position, slight aft or
radial movement results in disconnect. The potentially more hazardous situation occurs when the
drogue is pushed too far forward, such that the hose could be looped around the drogue on the probe.
A1-F18EA-NFM-000
III-9-8 ORIGINAL
When disengaging, align the drogue with the boom and back straight away with reference to the
boom.
Off-center disconnects can result in damage to the refueling probe or
nozzle because of the excessive sideloads generated by the KC-135
boom-drogue adapter.
9.3 AIR REFUELING (TANKER)
Air refueling shall be conducted in accordance with the NATOPS Air-To-Air Refueling Manual.
NOTE
If refueling NATO aircraft, consult NATO publication ATP-56A, Air
To Air Refueling.
9.3.1 Air Refueling Store (ARS). The ARS is a missionized component for in-flight refueling. The
ARS control panel (figure 9-3) provides power, fuel transfer operation, fuel status indicators, BIT
status, and normal hose extension/retraction, and hose jettison capability.
9.3.1.1 Power Switch (PWR). The PWR switch provides electrical and hydraulic power to the store.
ON Electrical power is routed in the store and the ram air turbine (RAT) unfeathers, which
provides hydraulic power.
OFF Feathers the RAT and removes electrical and hydraulic power.
DUMP Disabled and safety guarded.
NOTE
If the hose is extended, the PWR switch is bypassed (cannot be turned
OFF).
Figure 9-3. ARS Control Panel
A1-F18EA-NFM-000
III-9-9 ORIGINAL
9.3.1.2 STORE Switch. The STORE switch controls fuel transfer between the store and tanker (own
aircraft).
FROM Pressurizes the store to transfer fuel from store to own aircraft.
OFF Depressurizes store.
TO Replenish ARS with own aircraft fuel.
9.3.1.3 REFUEL Display. The four digit display indicates fuel (in pounds) delivered or scheduled, a
three digit BIT code - when commanded, or a 0E when a serious malfunction occurs. The display
initially powers up with 2,500 lb scheduled.
9.3.1.4 Refuel RST Button. A momentary pushbutton that returns LBS scheduled or delivered to
original settings. Pounds scheduled returns to 2,500 pounds or previously scheduled quantity. Pounds
delivered returns to zero.
9.3.1.5 Refuel Data Display Switch. The refuel data display switch is a three position toggle switch
which is spring-loaded to the delivery (DEL) position. The switch can be toggled to the BIT CODE or
scheduled (SCH) positions.
BIT
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NATOPS Flight Manual 飞行手册 1(153)
