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(72% correlation).
Khatwa, R. and Roelen, A. L. C., An Analysis of Controlled Flight into Terrain
(CFIT) Accidents of Commercial Operators 1988 Through 1994, National Aerospace
Laboratory NLR, The Netherlands, February, 1996.
Page 27
The NLR report was targeted at determining if differences in air taxi, regional and major
operational categories play a role in the occurrence of CFIT. The report listed several
recommendations, which are tabulated below.
NLR Report: 6 Recommendations5 JSAT
(a) All operators should be encouraged to
comply with existing and future ICAO
requirements pertaining to the fitment of
GPWS. Furthermore, the use of GPWS for
domestic operations should be advocated as
recommended by the FSF/ICAO CFIT
Task Force.
Team analysis concurs with the NLR
report.
(b) International support should be given to
reducing the CFIT risk variances between
the various ICAO regions.
International implications are beyond the
scope of CFIT JSAT Charter.
(c) CFIT risk reduction efforts need to
encompass not only the major air carriers,
but emphasis also needs to be applied to air
taxi and regional operations.
JSAT did not examine carrier category
effects.
(d) Any means of reducing of flight crew
procedural and tactical decision making
errors is encouraged. Whether this
involves training and/or improved cockpit
discipline, or other measures such as errortolerant
design of check-lists and
procedures is a matter of future study.
Team analysis concurs with the NLR
report.
(e) Means of improving terrain situational
awareness are encouraged. In this respect,
the FSF/ICAO CFIT Task force is
currently recommending:
Team analysis concurs with the NLR
report.
· The use of colored contours to present
either terrain or minimum flight
altitudes on instrument approach charts;
Team analysis concurs with the NLR
report..
· Technological developments that would
allow a visual display of the terrain to
the flight crew; and
Team analysis concurs with the NLR
report.
· Radio altitude call-out facility to be
employed to improve crew awareness
of proximity to terrain. Where altitude
call-out is not available, or where
GPWS is not fitted, a radio altimeter
raw data can still be used to enhance
terrain awareness.
This recommendation is currently required
under Part 121 procedures.
Page 28
NLR Report: 6 Recommendations5 JSAT
(f) The international sharing of accident
and incident data should be encouraged, to
facilitate addressing safety problems
quickly and effectively. The difficulty of
obtaining high-quality information about
accidents was a major problem in this
study.
The JSAT strongly agrees with this
recommendation and noted similar
problems with acquiring high-quality
information.
Phillips, R., Investigation of Controlled Flight Into Terrain Aircraft Accidents
Involving Turbine-Powered Aircraft with Six or More Passenger Seats Flying Under
FAR part 91 Flight Rules and the Potential for Their Prevention by Ground Proximity
Warning Systems (GPWS), Cambridge, MA: U. S. Department of Transportation,
Volpe National Transportation System Center, Report # DOT-TSC-FA6D1-96-01,
March, 1996.
The referenced Volpe report sought to determine if GPWS would have prevented CFIT
accidents for aircraft operating under 14 CFR Part 91. The problem statements
developed by the JSAT were compared to the NTSB accident factors and causes cited in
the referenced report. There were obvious differences in accomplishing a direct
validation, since this Volpe report studied Part 91 accidents, while the JSAT reviewed
accidents under Part 121 operations. However, common areas were identified.
The referenced report listed fifteen Probable Causes and fifteen Contributing Factors.
With the exception of items specific to Part 91 operation, all causes and factors were
identified as problems in the JSAT analysis. The specific Part 91 issues highlight the
conclusion that operations under reduced regulatory oversight will lead to problems
related to that lack of oversight.
Phillips, R., Investigation of Controlled Flight Into Terrain For Selected Aircraft
Accidents Involving Aircraft Flying Under FAR Part 121 and 135 Flight Rules and the
Potential for Their Prevention by Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning Systems
(EGPWS), Cambridge, MA: U. S. Department of Transportation, Volpe National
Transportation System Center, Report # DOT-TSC-FA6D1-96-03, July, 1996.
The referenced Volpe report examined the effectiveness of EGPWS in preventing CFR
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