航空资料21(2)

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identify retraining; and
(B) Be used to improve the CRM training system.
Amalberti 22
The NOTECHS project
THE NOTECHS PROJECT
1997-1998
– Sponsored by 4 CAAs
[NL,D,UK,&F], and DGVII
– Basic design and development
 NLR (J.van Avermaete, E. Kuriijsen,
H. Nijhuis + KLM Pilots), project leader
 DLR ( K-M Goeters, H-J. Hormann)
 Aberdeen University (R. Flin,
L. Martin)
 IMASSA (R. Amalberti & C. Valot)
“Non-technical skills refer to a pilot’s attitudes and behaviours in the
cockpit not directly related to aircraft control, system management,
technical consequences and standard operating procedures.”
THE JARTEL PROJECT
1999-2001
– Sponsored by DGTREN
– Validation & benchmarking
 Same teams
 NLR (J.van Avermaete, E. Kuriijsen, H. Nijhuis + KLM
Pilots)
 DLR ( K-M Goeters, H-J. Hormann)
 Aberdeen University (R. Flin, L. Martin)
 IMASSA (R. Amalberti & C. Valot)
 Plus
 British Airways
 Alitalia
 Airbus
 DERA
 Sofreavia (project leader)
Amalberti 23
NOTECHS
Principles for system design and operation
FOUR PRINCIPLES FOR DESIGN
 Maximum mutual exclusivity for categories and elements
 Rule of parsimony - minimalist approach
 Everyday terminology
 Skills directly observable or inferred from other behaviours (communication)
FOUR PRINCIPLES FOR OPERATIONS, designed to ensure that each crewmember receives
as fair and as objective an assessment as possible.
 Only observable behaviour is to be assessed
The evaluation must exclude reference to a crewmember’s personality or emotional attitude and should be
based only on observable behaviour. Behavioural markers were designed to support an objective
judgement.
 Need for technical consequence
For NTS to be rated as unacceptable, flight safety must be actually (or potentially|) compromised. Thus
demanding a related objective technical consequence.
 Repetition required
Repetition of unacceptable behaviour during the check must be observed to conclude that there is a
significant problem. If, according to the JAR-paragraph concerned, the nature of a technical failure allows
for a second attempt, this should be granted, regardless of the NTS rating.
 Explanation required
For each Category rated as unacceptable the examiner must:
Indicate the Element(s) in that Category where the unacceptable behaviour was
observed.
b. Explain where the observed NTS (potentially) led to safety consequences.
Give a free-text explanation on each of the Categories rated unacceptable, using standard
phraseology.
Amalberti 24
The NOTECHS framework
Situation
Co-operation awareness Decision
making
Non-technical skills
Team building
& maintaining
Supporting
others
Conflict
solving
Leadership &
management skills
Considering
others
Helps other crew members in demanding
situations
Offers assistance
Category
Element
Behaviour
Amalberti 25
Category:
Situation Awareness
Elements
Environmental
System Awareness Anticipation
Awareness
- Monitors and
reports
changes in
systems states
- Acknowledges
entries and
changes to
systems
- Collects
information about
the environment
- Contacts outside
resources when
necessary
- Shares
information about
the environment
with others
- Discusses
contingency
strategies
- Identifies
possible/future
problems
Behaviours
Framework: Elements & Behaviours for Category
- Situation Awareness
Amalberti 26
Conclusion
 Significant changes in the past decade
 Extension to Cabin crew, Maintenance, etc, in
progress
 Remaining problems for success
 Ends : Adhere to procedure Vs teach adaptation
 Cost and fragility : what about HF training courses after
the initial burst of enthusiasm ?
 Means : who should be the instructors ? (good recent UK
contribution)
 Evaluation : Can we design HF training without evaluation?
June 10-11, 2008 Berlin, Germany
Data Capture in IBM WebSphere
Premises Server™
Aldo Eisma, IBM
2
IBM Sensor and Actuator Solutions
SOA Foundation
Sensors
　
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