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Issue of toxicity in relation to exposure to fumes
3.28 Many of the submissions from flight crew and medical witnesses to the inquiry asserted that members of some flight crews had suffered health effects from exposure to fumes due to toxic ingredients in the oil fumes which leaked into the aircraft cabin and were inhaled. The issue of toxicity is controversial and difficult to effectively measure. The ingredient of Mobil Jet Oil II identified as a possible source of neurotoxic effects is Tricresyl Phosphate, classified by the National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NINAS), as toxic.
3.29 The National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme was established in 1990 under the Industrial Chemicals (Notification and Assessment) Act 1989 (Commonwealth). NICNAS is a statutory scheme with staff and support services provided by the National Occupational Health and Safety Commissions. The objection of the NICNAS program is to establish the scientific basis for safe chemical use by assessing industrial chemicals for occupational, public health and/or environmental effects.27 NICNAS’ submission to this inquiry states:
There are numerous case reports of human poisoning with TCP as a result of ingestion of adulterated or contaminated beverages, foods or drugs. In some cases transient gastro-intestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea have occurred shortly after the ingestion, whereas the neurological symptoms are characteristically delayed and persistent. Initially, there are pain and paraesthesia in the lower extremities, with a mild impairment of cutaneous sensations and, at times, of vibratory sense. Muscle weakness may progress to paralysis of the lower extremities with or without an involvement of the upper extremities. Recovery can be extremely slow and extend over a number of months or years”.28
25 Submission 24, FAAA, p 8
26 Confidential submission 11, p 4
27 National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, Annual Report, 1991-9, p 47
28 Submission 12, NICNAS, p 6
3.30 NICNAS’ submission also stated that the oil’s manufacturer, Mobil, acknowledges possible toxic components but considers the performance of the oil is certainly an important factor in its continual use:
The neurotoxicity of jet engine oil containing TCP has been reviewed in a recent paper from Mobil Business Resources Corporation and Mobil Technology Company (Mackerer et al., 1999). The paper states that although it has been known for many years that TCP contains neurotoxic components, lubricant formulators have been reluctant to replace the additive because of it’s excellent performance in critical applications.29
3.31 Dr Chris van Netten told the inquiry:
We have many different compounds which really have not been analysed yet… It appears, therefore, Mobil Oil has a rough idea of what the composition is of their oils but does not have a clear picture of the different isomers 30 that might be present.
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