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Gear extension/retraction difficulties: While not a problem specific to short field operations, certain airports/runway environments may be more conducive to landings with a partial/complete landing gear failure. Factors to be discussed should include runway length, surface type, availability of emergency equipment, repair facilities, and any other safety of flight issues deemed appropriate.
Engine out procedures: Should an engine failure, or partial loss of power necessitate the unplanned use of a short field, a much higher degree of precision will be required to land the aircraft safely. Perhaps an emergency off-airport landing into a long, flat field would be more advantageous than a power-off landing into a short runway flanked by obstructions? The student and instructor should discuss and simulate, in a manner consistent with safety, engine out procedures as part of a comprehensive training program.
No-flap landings: Using the aircraft POH/FOM, the instructor and student will determine the aircraft’s landing performance should a partial or no-flap landing become necessary. A student-led discussion should also take place to determine personal minima for the conduct of such operations. Attention will also be given to how other factors, such as deteriorating weather or a mechanical abnormality, may precipitate a change in landing minima.
Alternate landing locations: There are numerous circumstances that may necessitate the use of an alternate landing site. These include diversions made for changing weather conditions, mechanical anomalies, or even a medical emergency. The instructor and student, using the aircraft POH/FOM, should discuss how runway length and aircraft performance impact the selection of alternates during cross-country flight operations. Methods for determining a proper alternate under a variety of normal, abnormal, and emergency conditions must be emphasized as part of the pre-flight planning process.
Airport traffic: Traffic at both towered and non-towered airports often necessitates wide variations in landing patterns. Changes in the pilot’s “sight picture,” particularly when transitioning to a new aircraft, could lead to approaches that are too fast and/or too high to allow a successful short field landing. While issues stemming from airport traffic may largely be addressed through sound flying technique, the instructor can take an otherwise routine lesson and introduce other risk elements, thus promoting the student’s development of critical decision-making skills.
Rejected/balked landings/go-arounds: Even the most proficient pilots will occasionally make less than ideal landings. While such events usually result in nothing more than a bruised ego, a mishandled balked landing can have tragic consequences. This is particularly true when other potential hazards are present. It isn’t difficult to imagine a scenario in which a pilot lands long on a relatively short runway. This is followed by a “bounced” landing. Instead of conducting an immediate go around, the pilot attempts to salvage the landing, and in the process, consumes more valuable runway. Now the pilot, who has failed to dissipate excess speed, finds the runway end quickly approaching. Unfortunately, the high density altitude and tall tree off the runway’s departure end now conspire to make an attempted go-around extremely dangerous. Instructors should introduce students to such a scenario in a controlled environment- one that is safe, yet makes clear how quickly a routine landing can deteriorate into a catastrophic event.
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Flight Instructor Training Module Volume 1- FAA/Industry Training Standards(12)
