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effective in deicing, and persists for a significant holdover time to provide anti-icing.
During take-off, the slipstream imparts a shear stress to the fluid layer, causing it to flow
off the surface to which it was applied.
(3) TYPE III FLUIDS
Type III is a thickened fluid which has properties that lie between Types I and II.
Therefore, it provides a longer holdover time than Type I but less than Type II. Type III
fluids are suitable for airplanes with low rotation speeds.
(4) HOLDOVER TIME
Anti-icing effectiveness, however, is subject to many more variables than are usually
present in deicing. Of fundamental concern to the aircrew is the calculation of the
anti-icing holdover time available after deicing, given prevailing conditions and use of a
particular fluid. To provide some assistance, tables are provided to show holdover times
for SAE Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV fluids, as influenced by the kind of freezing
precipitation present.
These tables do not account for all the factors that influence holdover time. Diverse and
individually variable factors, such as fluid temperature, relative humidity, wind direction
and speed, can significantly shorten the holdover times shown in these tables.
NOTE
Guidelines for holdover times and deicing fluid application are revised every
year, according to the Transport Canada TP 14052 and associated holdover
time guidelines document. The current documents are available at the
following web-site:
www.tc.gc.ca/CivilAviation/commerce/HoldoverTime/menu.htm
SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEDURES
Cold Weather Operations
Vol. 1 06−12−10
REV 66, Feb 01/07
CL−604 Operating Manual
PSP 604−6
6. AIRFRAME DEICING, ANTI-ICING, AND INSPECTION (CONT'D)
CAUTION
1. For all types of deicing fluid, the time of protection will be shortened in
heavy weather conditions, heavy precipitation rates or high moisture
content. High wind velocity or jet blast may reduce holdover time below
the lowest time stated in the range. Holdover time may also be reduced
when airplane skin temperature is lower than OAT. The only acceptable
decision criteria is the shortest time within the applicable holdover
timetable.
2. Deicing/anti-icing fluids have not been tested for ice pellet precipitation,
and all holdover tables do not address ice pellet precipitation.
3. When ice pellet precipitation occurs after the application of
deicing/anti-icing fluid, the deicing/anti-icing fluid dilutes, which results in
rapid wing contamination.
4. Fluids used during ground deicing are not intended for, and do not
provide, ice protection during flight.
SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEDURES
Cold Weather Operations
Vol. 1 06−12−11
REV 66, Feb 01/07
CL−604 Operating Manual
PSP 604−6
6. AIRFRAME DEICING, ANTI-ICING, AND INSPECTION (CONT'D)
DFO1_0612_008
SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEDURES
Cold Weather Operations
Vol. 1 06−12−12
REV 66, Feb 01/07
Type I Fluids
Figure 06−12−2
CL−604 Operating Manual
PSP 604−6
6. AIRFRAME DEICING, ANTI-ICING, AND INSPECTION (CONT'D)
DFO1_0612_010A
[4]
[4]
[4]
[4]
[4]
[4]
[1] During conditions that apply to aircraft protection when frost is forming constantly.
[2] Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible.
[3] Heavy snow, snow pellets, ice pellets, moderate and heavy freezing rain and hail.
[4] Radiational cooling during active frost conditions may reduce holdover time when operating close
to the lower end of the outside air temperature range.
SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEDURES
Cold Weather Operations
Vol. 1 06−12−13
REV 74, Nov 07/08
Type II Fluids
Figure 06−12−3
CL−604 Operating Manual
PSP 604−6
6. AIRFRAME DEICING, ANTI-ICING, AND INSPECTION (CONT'D)
DFO1_0612_011
SUPPLEMENTARY PROCEDURES
Cold Weather Operations
Vol. 1 06−12−14
REV 66, Feb 01/07
Type III Fluids
Figure 06−12−4
CL−604 Operating Manual
PSP 604−6
6. AIRFRAME DEICING, ANTI-ICING, AND INSPECTION (CONT'D)
DFO1_0612_012A
10 − 65
5 − 40
[4]
[4]
[4]
[4]
[4]
[4]
[1] During conditions that apply to aircraft protection when frost is forming constantly.
[2] Use light freezing rain holdover times if positive identification of freezing drizzle is not possible.
[3] Heavy snow, snow pellets, ice pellets, moderate and heavy freezing rain and hail.
[4] Radiational cooling during active frost conditions may reduce holdover time when operating close
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