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observer training
Refine data collection forms
as needed
Recalibrate observers
4-4 Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA)
Step 2: Gather information
In order to conduct a LOSA, the initial development team
must understand how LOSAs have been carried out in the
past and they should be aware of the benefits that have been
derived. They should, therefore, gather information on the
LOSA process.
Step 3: Identify what to look at
To conduct the most efficient LOSA, it is best to focus on
specific aspects. One common mistake is to try to tackle too
much at one time. When doing this, the effort can be
enormous and the data findings can be overwhelming.
A more manageable approach may be to narrowly focus on
or target specific things to be observed. Are there certain
airports that have more hazards or threats compared to other
airports? Do certain aircraft fleets have more instances of tail
strikes? Are unstabilized approaches something your
operation is struggling with?
The decisions about what to observe should be based on data
and not just instincts. For example, if an airline utilized an
FOQA Programme or a confidential incident reporting
system, these sources would be excellent places to help
pinpoint areas on which efforts should be focused.
It should be remembered that LOSA is not designed to look
at the entire operation, but really just provide a
representative sampling or “slice” of the operations. One
large international carrier decided to focus their first LOSA
on their domestic operations, but had plans to later conduct
a LOSA that focused on their international operations.
Step 4: Determine how many segments to observe
The number of flights that will be observed is a function of
the number of people who will act as LOSA observers. Also
to be considered is the need to collect enough data to provide
a statistically valid sample of the operation. For example,
statisticians at The University of Texas at Austin Human
Factors Research Project have determined that if an airline
wanted to evaluate a specific airport, then that airline should
observe at least ten flights into and out of that airport. For
a specific operation or fleet, the LOSA should observe at
least 50 flights on that operation or fleet.
Step 5: Schedule audit dates, select observers and schedule
training dates
Depending on the size of an airline’s operations, a LOSA
may last anywhere from approximately three to eight weeks.
The LOSA observations should not be spread out over an
extremely long time period. The objective is to gather the
data needed to examine a specific area of operations. If the
observations take place over a long time, it is likely that the
effort will become diluted.
The quality of data collected depends entirely on who is
collecting that data, so selecting LOSA observers is
something that should be carefully considered. A good
LOSA observer is one who is familiar with the airline’s
procedures and operations. Observers should be able to
occupy the cockpit jump-seat and capture data but should
not be obtrusive and overbearing.
Step 6: Conduct observer training
LOSA observer training will typically take two days. During
this time, LOSA observers should have the opportunity to
complete LOSA rating forms using training examples. Also,
once the line audit has begun, it is a good idea to periodically
provide feedback to LOSA observers to reinforce the things
that they do well and to coach them in the areas that require
improvement.
4.5 THE KEYS TO AN EFFECTIVE LOSA
4.5.1 If a LOSA is properly conducted, an airline will
be able to obtain a multitude of information about threats
and errors that flight crews face in daily operations. In
US Airways experience, there are two key elements that
will determine the quality of data obtained: the airline’s
views on confidentiality and no-jeopardy, and the observers
themselves.
Confidentiality and no-jeopardy
4.5.2 It is human nature for people to behave
somewhat differently when they know they are being
evaluated, and airlines have a lot of information on how
flight crews perform in the simulator and line checks. The
idea of a LOSA is to capture data about the flight operations
that could not be obtained otherwise.
4.5.3 To facilitate being able to observe the natural
behaviour of crews, airlines must promote LOSA as nojeopardy.
The notion is that data from LOSA observations
will not be used to discipline a pilot. For example, if a LOSA
observer sees a crew unintentionally deviate from their
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