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reporting systems and the FOQA Programme or digital
flight data recorder monitoring programmes.
Flight operations and training departments
4.3.3 The flight operations and training departments
must be integrally involved with implementing a LOSA for
several reasons. First, they are at the centre of the operation
and have first-hand information about what is and is not
working well. These departments often know of specific
areas on which they would like the LOSA to concentrate.
Additionally, these departments can provide valuable input
and suggestions for the smooth conduct of the LOSA. They
will also be able to help provide the much needed personnel.
Possibly the most important reason for their involvement is
that ultimately many of the problem areas and the potential
benefits that are identified during a LOSA must be
“corrected” or implemented by these departments. As with
the example of the airline above, if these departments do not
support the LOSA, then there could be possible resistance
to the findings from the LOSA. However, if these departments
take an active part in the process, implementation of
LOSA enhancements becomes much more probable.
Pilots union
4.3.4 The importance of having the pilots union
involved with and support the LOSA must not be
overlooked. If the line pilots believe that their union supports
this endeavour, they will more readily accept observation
flights. Additionally, if pilots believe this is a process that
they can support, they will be more forthcoming and candid
with their views and safety concerns. On the other hand, if
the pilots view LOSA as a management tool to spy on them,
then the results will not be as productive. The pilots union
can also help disseminate the results of the LOSA and
inform the pilots of any company decisions as a result of the
LOSA. Hopefully, the union will agree with the
enhancements and endorse them.
4.4 THE KEY STEPS OF A LOSA
4.4.1 To help provide focus for the LOSA, the LOSA
steering committee should first look at problems that have
been identified in the past by all involved departments. With
this information in hand, the committee can then decide
what they expect to gain from the LOSA and use that to form
goals and an action plan. It must be kept in mind that the
goals and action plan may have to be modified depending
on the LOSA findings.
Goals
4.4.2 The LOSA steering committee should meet to
determine what they would like to achieve from the LOSA.
This will vary among airlines, but the following are some
goals established by one airline:
• To heighten the safety awareness of the line pilot
• To obtain hard data on how crews manage threats
and errors
• To measure and document what is happening “on the
line”
— What works well
— What does not work well
• To provide feedback to the system so that
enhancements can be made
• To inform end users WHY enhancements are being
made, especially if the enhancements are a result of
end user feedback
• To monitor results of LOSA enhancements
4.4.3 One airline stated up front that they wanted their
line pilots to be the “customer” of the LOSA, meaning that
whatever problems were identified, they would work to
correct them to make the system safer and more efficient for
their pilots.
Action plan
4.4.4 Figure 4-1 shows a flow chart of the key steps
to LOSA. Steps 1 to 6 are covered below. Notice that the
actual LOSA observations are not the end of the project but,
in fact, are only a part of an entire process to help improve
system safety at an airline. Steps 7 to 9 have already been
covered earlier in this manual.
Step 1: Form initial development team
This team may be the same as the LOSA steering committee
or just a few core individuals who can bring the committee
up to date.
Chapter 4. How to set up a LOSA — US Airways experience 4-3
Figure 4-1. The key steps to LOSA
STEP 5: Schedule audit dates,
select observers and
schedule training
STEP 8: Provide feedback to system
and carry out improvements to system
STEP 9: Develop enhanced policies,
procedures and a safer operational
environment for the line pilot
STEP 4: Determine how
many segments to observe
STEP 6: Conduct observer training
STEP 7: Analyse audit findings
AUDIT
STEP 3: Identify what to look at
STEP 2: Gather information
STEP 1: Form initial
development team
SAFER OPERATION!
Develop data collection forms and
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