getting to grips with aircraft performance 如何掌握飞机性能 1(24)

“JAR-OPS 1.490
(b)(3) The Takeoff run must not exceed the takeoff run available.”

TOR ≤ TORA

3.2.2. Takeoff Distance Available (TODA)

The runway may be extended by an area called the clearway. The clearway is an area beyond the runway, which should have the following characteristics: It must:
.  
Be centrally located about the extended centerline of the runway, and under the control of the airport authorities.

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Be expressed in terms of a clearway plane, extending from the end of the runway with an upward slope not exceeding 1.25%.

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Have a minimum width not less than 152 m (500 feet) wide.

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Have no protruding objects or terrain. Threshold lights may protrude above the plane, if their height above the end of the runway is 0.66 m (26 in) or less, and if they are located on each side of the runway.

“JAR-OPS 1.480 (a)(7) Takeoff Distance Available (TODA): The length of the takeoff run available plus the length of the clearway available.”
As shown in Figure C10, the Takeoff Distance Available (TODA) corresponds to the Takeoff Run Available (TORA) plus the  clearway (CWY), if any.

“JAR-OPS 1.490 (b)(2) The Takeoff distance must not exceed the takeoff distance available, with a clearway distance not exceeding half of the takeoff run available.”
TOD ≤ TODA

3.2.3. Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA)

The runway may be extended by an area called the stopway. The stopway is an area beyond the runway, which should have the following characteristics. It must be :
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At least as wide as the runway, and centered upon the extended centerline of the runway.

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Able to support the airplane during an abortive takeoff, without causing structural damage to the airplane.

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Designated by the airport authorities for use in decelerating the airplane during an abortive takeoff.

“JAR-OPS 1.480 (a)(1) Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA): The length of the takeoff run available plus the length of the stopway, if such stopway is declared available by the appropriate Authority and is capable of bearing the mass of the aeroplane under the prevailing operating conditions.”

“JAR-OPS 1.490 (b)(1) The accelerate-stop distance must not exceed the accelerate-stop distance available.”
ASD ≤ ASDA

3.2.4. Loss of Runway Length due to Alignment
Airplanes typically enter the takeoff runway from an intersecting taxiway. The airplane must be turned so that it is pointed down the runway in the direction for takeoff. FAA regulations do not explicitly require airplane operators to take into account the runway distance used to align the airplane on the runway for takeoff. On the contrary, JAA regulations require such a distance to be considered:
　
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