time, the radar pulse is not able to penetrate wet hail. The weather behind wet hail is often hidden.
Similarly to wet hail,
stratiform rain in the vicinity (at or 3000 ft below) of the freezing level returns a large portion of the radar pulse. Indeed, in this area, ice crystals start to melt and are covered of water.
6.1.1.2. REFLECTIVITY OF THUNDERSTORMS
Based on the principle described above, weather radars are optimized to detect rains. Consequently, thunderstorms may be divided into four layers according to the reflectivity of each layer.
.
The turbulence dome defines an
area of very severe turbulence. It
can reach several thousand feet
above the visible top, when the
thunderstorm is growing
.
The upper part above the
altitude of –40°C (if applicable)
contains ice crystals only. It reflects
a very small portion of the radar
pulse. This part may be invisible on
the weather radar image whereas it
is clearly visible through the
windshield
.
The intermediate part from the
freezing level up to the altitude
of –40°C contains ice crystals and
super-cooled water. The super-cooled water reflects a portion of
the radar pulse. Ice crystals absorb
the remainder of the radar pulse
.
The lower part up to the
freezing level is the most
reflective part of the thunderstorm
due to the heavy rain.
The radar or wet top is the highest portion of the thunderstorm the weather radar can detect. It separates the intermediate part from the top part of a thunderstorm.
The visible top is the top of the thunderstorm upper part.
6.1.1.3. FREQUENCY BAND
As a general physics rule, the propagation of a wave is closely linked to its length or frequency.
wave celerity
As a reminder: wavelength =
wave frequency
Higher the frequency, shorter the wavelength, weaker the propagation.
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