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accidents were performing an offshore flight:
flights to or from an offshore installation.
These accidents are included in all four of the
categories mentioned above.
Fi gur e 3-8
Fatal accidents per type of
operation — EASA MS and foreign
registered helicopters
60
30
15
45
75
Emergency medical
service
Passenger Ferry/Positioning Other
9
10
19
56
43
24 25
14
6
2 3
3.0 Commercial Air Transport
EASA MS registered
Foreign registered
Number of fatal accidents
Annual Safety Review 2008
Page 18
European aviation safety agency
3.2.3. Accident categories
The CICTT accident categories were originally
developed for accidents involving large
commercial aeroplanes. For this Annual
safety review, those accident categories
have also been assigned to the fatal helicopter
accidents. More than one category can be
assigned to an accident.
As shown in Figure 3-9, the majority
of helicopter accidents are assigned under
the category of ‘unknown’. This applies when
not enough data to determine the accident
category is available. In the last years, the
Agency has attempted to obtain additional
data to continuously reduce the share of
accidents classified as ‘unknown’.
The category with the second highest
number of fatal accidents assigned is CFIT
(‘controlled flight into terrain’). In most cases
adverse weather circumstances were prevalent,
such as deteriorating visibility due to mist
or fog. Also, several flights had taken place at
night.
‘Loss of control in flight’ (LOC-I) has the
fourth highest number of accidents assigned.
Helicopter handling difficulties together with
the presence of adverse weather conditions
were mentioned in several accidents.
The ‘other’ (OTHR) category has mainly been
assigned to accidents during take-off and
landing phases where collisions with objects
on the ground occurred.
Fi gur e 3-9
Accident categories of
fatal accidents — EASA MS and
foreign registered helicopters
2
WSTRW
ICE
BIRD
AMAN
ADRM
LOC-G
FUEL
ARC
SEC
MAC
F-POST
GCOL
SCF-PP
LALT
SCF-NP
LOC-I
OTHER
CFIT
UNKNOWN
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Number of accidents
fatal accidents
non-fatal accidents
Your safety is our mission.
Page 19
Figure 3-10 presents the trend of the top six
categories over the decade (three-year moving
averages). The sharp rise for the ‘unknown’
category is the result of the lack of information
for these years. The Agency cooperates with
the European Helicopter Safety Analysis Team
to address this issue.
‘Low altitude’ (LALT) accidents are collisions
with terrain and obstacles that occurred
while intentionally operating near the surface,
excluding take-off and landing phases. It is
important to note that a significant number of
LALT and OTHR involved a collision with power
lines.
SCF-NP and SCF-PP can be grouped
together as the more technical systems related
accidents or TECH category. The accidents in
this category mainly involve critical systems:
engine failures, main rotor system failures or
tail rotor system failures.
Fi gur e 3-10
Proportion of top four accident
categories — fatal accidents —
helicopter commercial
transport operations — EASA MS
and foreign registered
40
20
10
30
50
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
3.0 Commercial Air Transport
LOC-I: Loss of control – in flight
CFIT: Controlled flight into or
toward terrain
UNK: Unknown or
undetermined
TECH: System or component
Percent, %
Page 20
Annual Safety Review 2008 European aviation safety agency
Your safety is our mission.
Page 21
Fi gur e 4-2
Helicopters over 2 250 kg – fatal
accidents – EASA MS
Agricultural 16 %
Search and rescue 11 %
Fire fighting 11 %
Other / unknown 21 %
Logging 25 %
Construction and external load 16 %
Distribution by type of aerial work Distribution by type of general aviation
General aviation and
aeri al work, aircraft
over 2 250 kg MTO M
This chapter provides data on accidents to aircraft involved in general
aviation and aerial work. The information provided in this chapter is
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航空翻译 www.aviation.cn
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Annual Safety Review 2008(7)
