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TABLES
Table Title Page
21-1 Altitude Callouts—Enroute.................................................................................... 21-8
21-2 Altitude Callouts—Approach (Precision).............................................................. 21-8
21-3 Altitude Callouts—Approach (Nonprecision) ....................................................... 21-8
21-4 Altitude Callouts—Callouts of Significant Deviation ........................................... 21-8
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INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes crew resource management program. Information is provided on
the crew concept briefing guide and altitude callouts between pilots.
CHAPTER 21
COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
(CRM)
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CAPTAIN
INDIVIDUAL
S/A
COPILOT
INDIVIDUAL
S/A
IT's UP TO YOU!
CLUES TO IDENTIFYING:
• Loss of Situational Awareness
• Links in the Error Chain
HUMAN OPERATIONAL
1. FAILURE TO MEET TARGETS
2. UNDOCUMENTED PROCEDURE
3. DEPARTURE FROM SOP
4. VIOLATING MINIMUMS OR LIMITATIONS
5. NO ONE "FLYING AIRPLANE"
6. NO ONE "LOOKING OUT WINDOW"
7. COMMUNICATIONS
8. AMBIGUITY
9. UNRESOLVED DISCREPANCIES
10. PREOCCUPATION OR DISTRACTION
11. CONFUSION OR EMPTY FEELING
12.
Remember
2 + 2 = 2
- or -
2 + 2 = 5
(Synergy)
GROUP
S/A
Figure 21-1. Situational Awareness in the Cockpit
LEADERSHIP STYLES
PARTICIPATION
LOW HIGH
AUTOCRATIC
STYLE
(EXTREME)
DEMOCRATIC
LEADERSHIP
STYLE
AUTHORITARIAN
LEADERSHIP
STYLE
LAISSEZFAIRE
STYLE
(EXTREME)
Command — Designated by Organization
— Cannot be Shared
Leadership — Shared among Crewmembers
— Focuses on "What's right," not "Who's right"
Figure 21-2. Command and Leadership
CREW CONCEPT BRIEFING GUIDE
DESCRIPTION
Experience has shown that adherence to SOPs helps to enhance individual and crew cockpit situational
awareness and will allow a higher performance level to be attained. Our objective is
for standards to be agreed upon prior to flight and then adhered to, such that maximum crew
performance is achieved. These procedures are not intended to supercede any individual company
SOP, but rather are examples of good operating practices.
COMMON TERMS
PIC Pilot in Command
Responsible for conduct and safety of the flight. Designates pilot flying and pilot
not flying duties.
PF Pilot Flying
Controls the aircraft with respect to assigned airway, course, altitude, airspeed, etc.,
during normal and emergency conditions. Accomplishes other tasks as directed by
the PIC.
PN Pilot Not Flying
Maintains ATC communications, copies clearances, accomplishes checklists and other
tasks as directed by the PIC.
B Both
PRETAKEOFF BRIEFING (IFR/VFR)
NOTE
The following briefing is to be conducted by the pilot flying prior to calling the tower
after completing the Before Takeoff Checklist. The pilot flying will accomplish the
briefing.
1. Review the departure procedure (route and altitude, type of takeoff, significant terrain features,
etc.).
2. Review anything out of the ordinary.
3. Review required callouts, unless standard calls have been agreed upon, in which case a request
for “Standard Callouts” may be used.
4. Review the procedures to be used in case of an emergency on departure.
5. As a final item, ask if there are any questions.
6. State that the pretakeoff briefing is complete.
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THINK:
• Solicit and give
feedback
• Listen carefully
• Focus on behavior,
not people
• Maintain focus on
the goal
• Verify operation
outcome is
achieved
ADVOCACY: to increase others' S/A
• State Position
• Suggest Solutions
• Be Persistent and Focused
• Listen Carefully
— REMEMBER—
Questions enhance communication flow.
Don't give in to the temptation to ask questions when Advocacy is required.
Use of Advocacy or inquiry should raise a "red flag."
INTERNAL
BARRIERS
EXTERNAL
BARRIERS
INTERNAL
BARRIERS
OPERATIONAL
GOAL
NEED SEND RECEIVE
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