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damage to the aeroplane.
Note.- Attachment A, Section 2 presents guidance relative
to the support capability of a stopway.
Surface of stopways
3.7.4 Recommendation.- The su$ace of a paved
stopway should be so constructed as to provide a good
coeficient of fiction to be compatible with that of the
associated runway when the stopway is wet.
3.7.5 Recommendation.- The friction characteristics of
an unpaved stopway should not be substantially less than that
of the runway with which the stopway is associated.
3.8 Radio altimeter operating area
General
3.8.1 Recommendation.- A radio altimeter operating
area should be established in the pre-threshold area of a
precision approach runway.
Length of the area
3.8.2 Recommendation.- A radio altimeter operating
area should extend before the threshold for a distance of at
least 300 m.
Width of the. area
3.8.3 Recommendation.- A radio altimeter operating
area should extend laterally, on each side of the extended
centre line of the runway, to a distance of 60 m, except that,
when special circumstances so warrant, the distance may be
reduced to no less than 30 m ifan aeronautical study indicates
that such reduction would not affect the safety of operations of
aircraft.
Longitudinal slope changes
3.8.4 Recommendation.- On a radio altimeter operating
area, slope changes should be avoided or kept to a
minimum. Where slope changes cannot be avoided, the slope
changes should be as gradual as practicable and abrupt
changes or sudden reversals of slopes avoided. The rate of
change between two consecutive slopes should not exceed
2 per cent per 30 m.
Note.- Guidance on radio altimeter operating area is
given in Attachment A, Section 4.3 and in the Manual of All-
Weather Operations, (Doc 9365). Section 5.2. Guidance on the
use of radio altimeter is given in the PANS-OPS, Volume II,
Part III, Chapter 21.
3.9 Taxiways
Note.- Unless otherwise indicated the requirements in this
section are applicable to all types of taxiways.
General
3.9.1 Recommendation.- Taxiways should be provided
to permit the safe and expeditious su$ace movement of aircraft.
Note.- Guidance on layout of taxiways is given in the
Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 2.
Chapter 3 Annex I4 -Aerodromes
3.9.2 Recommendation.- Sufficient entrance and exit
taxiways for a runway should be provided to expedite the
movement of aeroplanes to andfiom the runway and provision
of rapid exit taxiways considered when traffic volumes are high.
3.9.3 Recommendation.- The design of a taxiway
should be such that, when the cockpit of the aeroplane for
which the taxiway is intended remains over the taxiway centre
line markings, the clearance distance between the outer main
wheel of the aeroplane and the edge of the taxiway should be
not less than that given by the following tabulation:
Code letter Clearance
C 3 m ifthe taxiway is intended to be
used by aeroplanes with a wheel
base less than 18 m;
4.5 m ifthe taxiway is intended to be
used by aeroplanes with a wheel
base equal to or greater than 18 m.
Note 1.- Wheel base means the distance fiom the nose
gear to the geometric centre of the main geal:
Note 2.- Where the code letter is F and the traffic density
is high, a wheel-to-edge clearance greater than 4.5 m may be
provided to permit higher taxiing speeds.
Width of tuxiways
3.9.4 Recommendation.- A straight portion of a taxiway
should have a width of not less than that given by the
following tabulation:
Code letter Taxiway width
C 15 m ifthe taxiway is intended to
be used by aeroplanes with a wheel
base less than 18 m:
18 m if the taxiway is intended to
be used by aeroplanes with a wheel
base equal to or greater than 18 m.
18 m if the taxiway is intended to
be used by aeroplanes with an
outer main gear wheel span of less
than 9 m;
23 m ifthe taxiway is intended to
be used by aeroplanes with an
outer main gear wheel span equal
to or greater than 9 m.
Note.- Guidance on width of taxiways is given in the
Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 2.
Taxiway curves
3.9.5 Recommendation.- Changes in direction of
taxiways should be as fav and small as possible. The radii of
the curves should be compatible with the manoeuvring
capability and normal taxiing speeds of the aeroplanes for
which the taxiway is intended. The design of the curve should
be such that, when the cockpit of the aeroplane remains over
the taxiway centre line markings, the clearance distance
between the outer main wheels of the aeroplane and the edge
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