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whether maintenance action is necessary to improve it, a speed
high enough to reveal these frictionlspeed variations should be
used.
7.9 Annex 14, Volume I requires States to specify two
friction levels as follows:
a) a maintenance friction level below which corrective
maintenance action should be initiated; and
b) a minimum fiction level below which information that
a runway may be slippery when wet should be made
available.
Furthermore, States should establish criteria for the fiction
characteristics of new or resurfaced runway surfaces.
Table A-1 provides guidance on establishing the design
objective for new runway surfaces and maintenance planning
and minimum fiction levels for runway surfaces in use.
7.10 The fiction values given above are absolute values
and are intended to be applied without any tolerance. These
values were developed fiom a research study conducted in a
State. The two fiction measuring tires mounted on the Mumeter
were smooth tread and had a special rubber formulation,
i.e. Type A. The tires were tested at a 15 degree included angle
of alignment along the longitudinal axis of the trailer. The
single fiction measuring tires mounted on the Skiddometer,
Surface Friction Tester. Runway Friction Tester and TATRA
were smooth tread and used the same rubber formulation, i.e.
Type B. The GRIPTESTER was tested with a single smooth
tread tire having the same rubber formulation as Type B but
the size was smaller, i.e. Type C. The specifications of these
tires (i.e. Types A, B and C) are contained in the Airport
Services ~ a n u a l ,P art 2. Friction measuring devices using
rubber formulation, tire treadlgroove patterns, water depth, tire
pressures, or test speeds different fiom those used in the
programme described above, cannot be directly equated
with the fiction values given in the table. The values in
columns (5), (6) and (7) are averaged values representative of
Table A- 1.
Test tire Design
Test water objective Maintenance Minimum
Pressure Test speed depth for new planning friction
Test equipment Type (kPa) (kmh) (mm) surface level level
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Mu-meter Trailer A 70 65 1 .O 0.72 0.52 0.42
A 70 95 1 .O 0.66 0.38 0.26
Skiddometer Trailer B 210 65 1 .O 0.82 0.60 0.50
B 210 95 1 .O 0.74 0.47 0.34
Surface Friction B 210 65 1 .O 0.82 0.60 0.50
Tester Vehicle B 210 95 1 .O 0.74 0.47 0.34
Runway Friction B 210 65 1.0 0.82 0.60 0.50
Tester Vehicle B 210 95 1 .O 0.74 0.54 0.41
TATRA Friction B 210 65 1 .O 0.76 0.57 0.48
Tester Vehicle B 210 95 1 .O 0.67 0.52 0.42
GRIPTESTER C 140 65 1 .O 0.74 0.53 0.43
Trailer C 140 95 1 .O 0.64 0.36 0.24
ATT A-7 25/11/04
Annex 14 - Aerodromes Volume Z
the runway or significant portion thereof. It is considered
desirable to test the fiction characteristics of a paved runway
at more than one speed.
7.11 Other fiction measuring devices c a ~bIe used,
provided they have been correlated with at least one test
equipment mentioned above. The Airport Services Manual,
Part 2 provides guidance on the methodology for determining
the fiction values corresponding to the design objective,
maintenance planning level and minimum fiction level for a
friction tester not identified in the. above table.
8. Strips
8.1 Shoulders
8.1 .I The shoulder of a runway or stopway should be
prepared or constructed so as to minimize any hazard to an
aeroplane running off the runway or stopway. Some guidance
is given in the following paragraphs on certain special
problems which may arise, and on the further question of
measures to avoid the ingestion of loose stones or other objects
by turbine engines.
8.1.2 In some cases, the bearing strength of the natural
ground in the strip may be sufficient, without specialpreparation,
to meet the requirements for shoulders. Where special
preparation is necessary, the method used will depend on local
soil conditions and the mass of the aeroplanes the runway is
intended to serve. Soil tests will help in determining the best
method of improvement (e.g. drainage, stabilization, surfacing,
light paving).
8.1.3 Attention should also be paid when designing
shoulders to prevent the ingestion of stones or other objects by
turbine engines. Similar considerations apply here to those
which are discussed for the margins of taxiways in the Aerodrome
Design Manual, Part 2, both as to the special measures
which may be necessary and as to the distance over which
such special measures, if required, should be taken.
8.1.4 Where shoulders have been treated specially, either
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