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airborne error contributions, expressed in
ngular terms, are for all practical purposes constant at all ranges, it is necessary when considering the overall system use
Guidance on the establishment of changeover points on ATS routes defined by VORs is contained in Annex 11,
Attachment A.
4. Precision approach radar system
igures C-14 to C-18 illustrate certain of the Standards contained in Chapter 3, 3.2.
pr
e In individual applications, it may be possibl
if one or more of the error elements are smaller than the values used to compute the plus or minus 5 degrees. Conversely, a
system use accuracy value greater than plus or minus 5 degrees will be necessary where it is known that radials are of poor
quality or significant site errors exist, or for other reasons. However, in addition to this advice a warning is also essential
regarding the use of lower values of individual elements in the system (for example, the radial signal error) on the assumption
that an overall improvement in system accuracy will occur. There is considerable evidence that this may not be the case in
some circumstances and that lower system accuracy values should not be applied without other confirmation (e.g. by radar
observation) that an actual improvement in overall performance is being achieved.
3.7.3.8 It is to be noted that in angular systems such as the VOR, the pilotage element error, expressed in angular terms,
will be greater as the aircraft nears the point source. Thus, while ground system and
a
accuracy figures to take into account the larger pilotage element error occurring when the aircraft is near the VOR. However,
these larger pilotage element errors do not result in large lateral deviations from course when near the facility.
3.8 Changeover points for VORs
F
Figure C-14. Minimum set-back of PAR with respect to touchdown for offset of
120 m (400 ft) when aligned to scan plus or minus 10 degrees on QDR of runway
Stop end
120 m (400 ft)
915 m
Touchdown point
Approach end (3 000 ft)
150 m
(500 ft)
PAR
10°
10°
5°
5°
ATT C-55 23/11/06
Annex 10 — Aeronautical Communications Volume I
Stop end
185 m (600 ft) PAR
Touchdown point
1 200 m
(4 000 ft)
10°
10°
150 m
(500 ft)
Approach end
5°
5°
Figure C-15. Minimum set-back of PAR with respect to
touchdown for offset of 185 m (600 ft) when aligned
to scan plus or minus 10 degrees on QDR of runway
Stop end
120 m (400 ft)
PAR
Touchdown point
685 m
(2 250 ft)
150 m
(500 ft)
Approach end
5°
15°
5°
5°
Figure C-16. Minimum set-back of PAR with respect to
touchdown for offset of 120 m (400 ft) when aligned
to scan 5 degrees and 15 degrees on QDR of runway
Stop end
185 m (600 ft) PAR
Touchdown point
915 m
(3 000 ft)
150 m
(500 ft)
Approach end
5°
5°
5°
15°
Figure C-17. Minimum set-back of PAR with respect to
touchdown for offset of 185 m (600 ft) when aligned
to scan 5 degrees and 15 degrees on QDR of runway
23/11/06 ATT C-56
Attachment C Annex 10 — Aeronautical Communications
Standard Recommended Practice
Not to scale
3 000 (10 000)
2 400 (8 000)
1 800 (6 000)
1 200 (4 000)
600 (2 000)
18.5 km
(10 NM)
37.1 km
(20 NM)
55.6 km
(30 NM)
0.5° of elevation
1.5° of elevation
20° of elevation
30° of elevation
37.1 km (20 NM)
46.3 km (25 NM)
Metres (feet)
Figure C-18. SRE of precision approach radar system —
vertical coverage on a 15 m2 echoing area aircraft
5. Specification for 75 MHz marker beacons (en-route)
5.1 Marker beacon antenna arrays
5.1.1 General. The following describes types of marker antenna arrays that are frequently used in current practice.
These types are the simplest forms meeting normal requirements; in special cases, arrays having a better performance (see
Note to 5.1.4) may be required.
5.1.2 Z marker beacons
a) Radiating system. A radiating system consisting of two horizontal dipole arrays crossed at right angles, each
comprising two co-linear half-wave radiating elements with centres spaced approximately a half wavelength apart
and mounted one-quarter wavelength above the counterpoise. The currents in the dipoles and their respective
elements are adjusted so that:
1) the current in one set of dipole arrays relative to that in the other set is equal but differs in time phase by 90
degrees;
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