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Ps2
Integrity
failure,
elevation
Pi2
Integrity
failure,
DME/P
Pi3
Pilot risk
reduction
Pu
Calculated
Pa = 3 x 10
-9
1.5 x 10-9
1.25 x 10-4
1.25 x 10-4 12 x 10-6
1.5 x 10-9
1.5 x 10-9
0.5 x 10-9 0.5 x 10-9 0.5 x 10-9
4 x 10-6 4 x 10-6 4 x 10-6 7.5 x 10-5 5 x 10-5 1
1
4 000 hours MTBO 1 000 hours MTBO
Figure A-3. MLS/RNAV obstacle rich risk tree
23/11/06 ATT A-6
Attachment A Annex 10 — Aeronautical Communications
Pp1 = Pp2 = Pp3 = 4 × 10–6
Note.— This assumes an obstacle exposure time (OET) of 60 seconds, and an MTBO of 4 000 for all ground elements.
Pu = 1.0
Note.— It is assumed that an unguided discontinued approach/missed approach procedure is unacceptable. The
probability of an accident during such a procedure is therefore taken to be 1.
4.2 In the case of an MLS/RNAV procedure in an obstacle rich environment, it is assumed that secondary guidance
will be essential to execute a safe discontinued approach/missed approach procedure during the period of exposure to the
obstacles.
Ps1 = 7.5 × 10–5
Note.— This is the probability of a COS failure of the secondary guidance ground equipment. It is assumed here that the
secondary guidance system has a MTBO of 1 000 hours and that the exposure time is 270 seconds. The exposure time to a
failure of the secondary guidance is dependent on the point in the procedure at which the availability of secondary guidance
is confirmed. Assuming that this would be prior to the commencement of the MLS/RNAV procedure, and that the pilot would
not be required to reconfirm the availability of secondary guidance before commencing the critical obstacle rich part of the
procedure, the exposure time could be several minutes.
Ps2 = 5 × 10–5
Note.— This is the integrity required by the secondary guidance system.
Therefore:
Pi = 1.5 × 10–9
Pb = 1.5 × 10–9
Pp = 12 × 10–6
Ps = 7.5 × 10–5 + 5 × 10–5 = 1.25 × 10–4
Pd = 1.25 × 10–4
Pc = 12 × 10–6 × 1.25 × 10–4 = 1.5 × 10–9
and:
calculated Pa = 3 × 10–9, as required.
Note.— For obstacle exposure times greater than 60 seconds, it will be necessary to either increase the MTBOs of the
primary guidance or to increase the risk reduction factor due to the secondary guidance. For example, if the exposure time is
increased to 90 seconds, the MTBOs of the primary guidance must be increased to 6 000 hours or the MTBO of the secondary
guidance increased to 2 250 hours. There are clearly trade-offs between the reliability of the primary guidance, the exposure
time, and the reliability and integrity of the secondary guidance. The risk tree method can be used to examine individual
MLS/RNAV procedures and determine the appropriate reliability and integrity requirements for the primary and secondary
guidance.
___________________
ATT A-7 23/11/06
ANNEX 10 — VOLUME I ATT B-1 23/11/06
ATTACHMENT B. STRATEGY FOR INTRODUCTION AND
APPLICATION OF NON-VISUAL AIDS TO
APPROACH AND LANDING
(see Chapter 2, 2.1)
1. Introduction
1.1 Various elements have an influence on all weather operations in terms of safety, efficiency and flexibility. The
evolution of new techniques requires a flexible approach to the concept of all weather operations to obtain full benefits of
technical development. To create this flexibility a strategy enables, through identification of its objectives and thoughts
behind the strategy, incorporation of new technical developments or ideas into this strategy. The strategy does not assume a
rapid transition to a single globally established system or selection of systems to support approach and landing operations.
1.2 The strategy addresses the application of non-visual aids to approach and landing with vertical guidance (APV) and
precision approach and landing operations.
2. Objectives of strategy
The strategy must:
a) maintain at least the current safety level of all weather operations;
b) retain at least the existing level or planned improved level of service;
c) maintain global interoperability;
d) provide regional flexibility based on coordinated regional planning;
e) be applicable until at least the year 2020; and
f) take account of economic, operational and technical issues.
3. Considerations
3.1 General
The following considerations are based on the assumption that the operational requirement and the required commitment are
available and the required effort is applied.
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