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errors, but also the error contributed by the airborne VOR receiver and its instrumentation. The entire VOR radial
signal error, both fixed and variable, is used.
VOR pilotage element. The error in the use of VOR navigation attributable to the fact that the pilot cannot or does
not keep the aircraft precisely at the centre of t
g) VOR system use error. The square root of the sum of the squares (RSS) of VOR aggregate error and the pilotage
element. This combination may be used to determine the probability of an aircraft remaining within
alculation of VOR s
3.7.3.1 The VOR system use accuracy is deri
It is determined by considering such factors as fixed radial displacement, monitoring, pol
VOR airborne equipment error (Ea). This element embraces all factors in the airborne VOR system which
introduces errors (errors resulting fro
c) VOR pilotage element (Ep). The value taken for this element is that used in PANS-OPS (Doc 8168) for pilot
tolerance.
Note.— A measurement error also exists, but in a generalized discussion of errors may be considered to be absorbed in
error valu
3.7.3.2 Since the errors in a), b), and c), when considered on a system basis (not any one radial) are independent
variables, they may be
e
Therefore, the following formulae are derived:
VOR aggregate error = Eg2+ Ea2
VOR system use error = Eg2+ Ea2 2
.7.3 ples will derive ly the VOR system use error but calculations can also be made to
ete in if desired. By u e of these formulae, the impact on the system of improvement or
egradation of one of more error elements can be assessed.
of plus or
in f the VOR
stem (see, however, 3.7.3.5). This figure corresponds to the following component errors:
+ Ep
3 .3 The following exam on
d rm e VOR aggregate error, s
d
Note.— All figures for VOR radial signal error are related to radials for which no restrictions are published.
3.7.3.4 Subject to the qualifications indicated in 3.7.1, it is considered that a VOR system use accuracy
m us 5 degrees on a 95 per cent probability basis is a suitable figure for use by States planning the application o
sy
ATT C-53 23/11/06
Annex 10 — Aeronautical Communications Volume I
23/11/06 ATT C-54
VOR radial signal error:
plus or minus 3° (95 per cent probability), a value readily achieved in practice.
VOR airborne equipment error:
plus or minus 3° (95 per cent probability), system characteristics value (see 3.6.2).
VOR pilotage element:
plus or minus 2.5° (95 per cent probability), in accordance with PANS-OPS (see also 3.7.3.8).
3.7.3.5 While the figure of plus or minus 5 degrees on a 95 per cent probability basis is a useful figure based on broad
practical experience and used by many States, it must be noted that this figure may be achieved only if the error elements
which make it up remain within certain tolerances. It is clear that, if the errors attributable to the VOR system elements are
larger than the amounts noted, the resulting VOR system use error will also be larger. Conversely, where any or all of the
VOR system error elements are smaller than those used in the above computation, the resulting VOR system use error will
also be smaller.
3.7.3.6 The following examples, also derived from practical experience, provide additional planning guidance for
States:
A.— VOR radial signal error:
plus or minus 3.5° (95 per cent probability), used by some States as the total ground system error.
VOR airborne equipment error:
plus or minus 4.2° (95 per cent probability), recognized in some States as the minimum performance figure for some
classes of operations.
VOR pilotage element:
plus or minus 2.5° (95 per cent probability), in accordance with PANS-OPS (see also 3.7.3.8).
Calculated VOR system use accuracy:
plus or minus 6° (95 per cent probability).
B. — VOR radial signal error:
plus or minus 1.7° (95 per cent probability), based on extensive flight measurements conducted in one State on a
large number of VORs.
VOR airborne equipment error:
plus or minus 2.7° (95 per cent probability), achieved in many airline operations.
VOR pilotage element:
plus or minus 2.5° (95 per cent probability), in accordance with PANS-OPS (see also 3.7.3.8).
Calculated VOR system use accuracy:
plus or minus 4° (95 per cent probability).
Attachment C Annex 10 — Aeronautical Communications
3.7.3.7 More realistic application of the VOR system may be achieved by assessing the errors as they actually exist in
articular circumstances, rather than by using all-embracing generalizations which may give unduly optimistic or pessimistic
sults. e to utilize a system use accuracy value less than plus or minus 5 degrees
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