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AREA NAVIGATION- Area Navigation (RNAV)
provides enhanced navigational capability to the
pilot. RNAV equipment can compute the airplane
position, actual track and ground speed and then
provide meaningful information relative to a route of
flight selected by the pilot. Typical equipment will
provide the pilot with distance, time, bearing and
crosstrack error relative to the selected “TO” or
“active” waypoint and the selected route. Several
distinctly different navigational systems with
different navigational performance characteristics
are capable of providing area navigational functions.
Present day RNAV includes INS, LORAN, VOR/
DME, and GPS systems. Modern multi‐sensor
systems can integrate one or more of the above
systems to provide a more accurate and reliable
navigational system. Due to the different levels of
performance, area navigational capabilities can
satisfy different levels of required navigational
performance (RNP). The major types of equipment
are:
a. VORTAC referenced or Course Line Computer
(CLC) systems, which account for the greatest
number of RNAV units in use. To function, the CLC
must be within the service range of a VORTAC.
b. OMEGA/VLF, although two separate systems,
can be considered as one operationally. A long‐range
navigation system based upon Very Low Frequency
radio signals transmitted from a total of 17 stations
worldwide.
c. Inertial (INS) systems, which are totally
self‐contained and require no information from
external references. They provide aircraft position
and navigation information in response to signals
resulting from inertial effects on components within
the system.
d. MLS Area Navigation (MLS/RNAV), which
provides area navigation with reference to an MLS
ground facility.
e. LORAN‐C is a long‐range radio navigation
system that uses ground waves transmitted at low
frequency to provide user position information at
ranges of up to 600 to 1,200 nautical miles at both en
route and approach altitudes. The usable signal
coverage areas are determined by the signal‐to‐noise
ratio, the envelope‐to‐cycle difference, and the
geometric relationship between the positions of the
user and the transmitting stations.
f. GPS is a space‐base radio positioning,
navigation, and time‐transfer system. The system
provides highly accurate position and velocity
information, and precise time, on a continuous global
basis, to an unlimited number of properly equipped
users. The system is unaffected by weather, and
provides a worldwide common grid reference
system.
(See ICAO term AREA NAVIGATION.)
AREA NAVIGATION [ICAO]- A method of
navigation which permits aircraft operation on any
desired flight path within the coverage of stationreferenced
navigation aids or within the limits of the
capability of self‐contained aids, or a combination of
these.
AREA NAVIGATION (RNAV) APPROACH
CONFIGURATION:
a. STANDARD T- An RNAV approach whose
design allows direct flight to any one of three initial
approach fixes (IAF) and eliminates the need for
procedure turns. The standard design is to align the
procedure on the extended centerline with the missed
approach point (MAP) at the runway threshold, the
final approach fix (FAF), and the initial approach/
intermediate fix (IAF/IF). The other two IAFs will be
established perpendicular to the IF.
b. MODIFIED T- An RNAV approach design for
single or multiple runways where terrain or
operational constraints do not allow for the standard
T. The “T” may be modified by increasing or
decreasing the angle from the corner IAF(s) to the IF
or by eliminating one or both corner IAFs.
c. STANDARD I- An RNAV approach design for
a single runway with both corner IAFs eliminated.
Course reversal or radar vectoring may be required at
busy terminals with multiple runways.
d. TERMINAL ARRIVAL AREA (TAA)- The
TAA is controlled airspace established in conjunction
with the Standard or Modified T and I RNAV
approach configurations. In the standard TAA, there
are three areas: straight‐in, left base, and right base.
The arc boundaries of the three areas of the TAA are
published portions of the approach and allow aircraft
to transition from the en route structure direct to the
nearest IAF. TAAs will also eliminate or reduce
Pilot/Controller Glossary 7/31/08
2/14/08 Pilot/Controller Glossary
PCG A-13
feeder routes, departure extensions, and procedure
turns or course reversal.
1. STRAIGHT‐IN AREA- A 30NM arc
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