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the ground. The principles and techniques involved can
be practiced and evaluated by the performance of the
ground track maneuvers discussed in this chapter.
RECTANGULAR COURSE
Normally, the first ground reference maneuver the pilot
is introduced to is the rectangular course. [Figure 6-4]
The rectangular course is a training maneuver in which
the ground track of the airplane is equidistant from all
sides of a selected rectangular area on the ground. The
maneuver simulates the conditions encountered in an
airport traffic pattern. While performing the maneuver,
the altitude and airspeed should be held constant.
The maneuver assists the student pilot in perfecting:
• Practical application of the turn.
• The division of attention between the flightpath,
ground objects, and the handling of the airplane.
• The timing of the start of a turn so that the turn
will be fully established at a definite point over
the ground.
• The timing of the recovery from a turn so that a
definite ground track will be maintained.
• The establishing of a ground track and the determination
of the appropriate “crab” angle.
Like those of other ground track maneuvers, one of the
objectives is to develop division of attention between
the flightpath and ground references, while controlling
the airplane and watching for other aircraft in the
Turn More Than
90° Rollout
with Wind Correction
Established
Complete Turn
at Boundary
Turn Into
Wind
Start Turn at
Boundary
Start Turn
at Boundary
Complete Turn
at Boundary
Turn
Less Than 90°
Complete Turn
at Boundary
Start Turn
at Boundary
No Wind Correction
Enter
45° to Downwind
Exit
No Wind Correction
Turn Into
Wind
Turn Less Than
90° Rollout
With WIind Correction
Established
Turn More
Than 90°
Start Turn at
Boundary
Complete Turn
at Boundary
Track With No Wind Correction
Track With No Wind Correction
DOWNWIND
UPWIND
CROSSWIND
BASE
Figure 6-4. Rectangular course.
Ch 06.qxd 5/7/04 7:35 AM Page 6-4
6-5
vicinity. Another objective is to develop recognition of
drift toward or away from a line parallel to the intended
ground track. This will be helpful in recognizing drift
toward or from an airport runway during the various
legs of the airport traffic pattern.
For this maneuver, a square or rectangular field, or an
area bounded on four sides by section lines or roads
(the sides of which are approximately a mile in length),
should be selected well away from other air traffic. The
airplane should be flown parallel to and at a uniform
distance about one-fourth to one-half mile away from
the field boundaries, not above the boundaries. For
best results, the flightpath should be positioned outside
the field boundaries just far enough that they may be
easily observed from either pilot seat by looking out
the side of the airplane. If an attempt is made to fly
directly above the edges of the field, the pilot will have
no usable reference points to start and complete the
turns. The closer the track of the airplane is to the field
boundaries, the steeper the bank necessary at the turning
points. Also, the pilot should be able to see the
edges of the selected field while seated in a normal
position and looking out the side of the airplane during
either a left-hand or right-hand course. The distance of
the ground track from the edges of the field should be
the same regardless of whether the course is flown to
the left or right. All turns should be started when the
airplane is abeam the corner of the field boundaries,
and the bank normally should not exceed 45°. These
should be the determining factors in establishing the
distance from the boundaries for performing the
maneuver.
Although the rectangular course may be entered from
any direction, this discussion assumes entry on a
downwind.
On the downwind leg, the wind is a tailwind and results
in an increased groundspeed. Consequently, the turn
onto the next leg is entered with a fairly fast rate of
roll-in with relatively steep bank. As the turn progresses,
the bank angle is reduced gradually because
the tailwind component is diminishing, resulting in a
decreasing groundspeed.
During and after the turn onto this leg (the equivalent
of the base leg in a traffic pattern), the wind will tend
to drift the airplane away from the field boundary. To
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