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accuracy is questionable.
The pilot should turn on the battery master switch and
make note of the fuel quantity gauge indications for
comparison with an actual visual inspection of the fuel
tanks during the exterior inspection.
OUTER WING SURFACES AND TAIL
SECTION
The pilot should inspect for any signs of deterioration,
distortion, and loose or missing rivets or screws,
especially in the area where the outer skin attaches to
the airplane structure. [Figure 2-6] The pilot should
look along the wing spar rivet line—from the wingtip
to the fuselage—for skin distortion. Any ripples and/or
waves may be an indication of internal damage
or failure.
Loose or sheared aluminum rivets may be identified by
the presence of black oxide which forms rapidly when
the rivet works free in its hole. Pressure applied to the
skin adjacent to the rivet head will help verify the
loosened condition of the rivet.
When examining the outer wing surface, it should be
remembered that any damage, distortion, or
malformation of the wing leading edge renders the
airplane unairworthy. Serious dents in the leading
edge, and disrepair of items such as stall strips, and
deicer boots can cause the airplane to be
aerodynamically unsound. Also, special care should
be taken when examining the wingtips. Airplane
wingtips are usually fiberglass. They are easily
damaged and subject to cracking. The pilot should
look at stop drilled cracks for evidence of crack
progression, which can, under some circumstances,
lead to in-flight failure of the wingtip.
The pilot should remember that fuel stains anywhere
on the wing warrant further investigation—no matter
how old the stains appear to be. Fuel stains are a sign
of probable fuel leakage. On airplanes equipped with
integral fuel tanks, evidence of fuel leakage can be
found along rivet lines along the underside of
the wing.
Figure 2-6. Wing and tail section inspection.
Ch 02.qxd 5/7/04 6:22 AM Page 2-4
2-5
FUEL AND OIL
Particular attention should be paid to the fuel quantity,
type and grade, and quality. [Figure 2-7] Many fuel
tanks are very sensitive to airplane attitude when
attempting to fuel for maximum capacity. Nosewheel
strut extension, both high as well as low, can
significantly alter the attitude, and therefore the fuel
capacity. The airplane attitude can also be affected
laterally by a ramp that slopes, leaving one wing
slightly higher than another. Always confirm the fuel
quantity indicated on the fuel gauges by visually
inspecting the level of each tank.
The type, grade, and color of fuel are critical to safe
operation. The only widely available aviation gasoline
(AVGAS) grade in the United States is low-lead
100-octane, or 100LL. AVGAS is dyed for easy
recognition of its grade and has a familiar gasoline
scent. Jet-A, or jet fuel, is a kerosene-based fuel for
turbine powered airplanes. It has disastrous
consequences when inadvertently introduced into
reciprocating airplane engines. The piston engine
operating on jet fuel may start, run, and power the
airplane, but will fail because the engine has been
destroyed from detonation.
Jet fuel has a distinctive kerosene scent and is oily to
the touch when rubbed between fingers. Jet fuel is
clear or straw colored, although it may appear dyed
when mixed in a tank containing AVGAS. When a few
drops of AVGAS are placed upon white paper, they
evaporate quickly and leave just a trace of dye. In
comparison, jet fuel is slower to evaporate and leaves
an oily smudge. Jet fuel refueling trucks and
dispensing equipment are marked with JET-A placards
in white letters on a black background. Prudent pilots
will supervise fueling to ensure that the correct tanks
are filled with the right quantity, type, and grade of
fuel. The pilot should always ensure that the fuel caps
have been securely replaced following each fueling.
Engines certificated for grades 80/87 or 91/96 AVGAS
will run satisfactorily on 100LL. The reverse is not
true. Fuel of a lower grade/octane, if found, should
never be substituted for a required higher grade.
Detonation will severely damage the engine in a very
short period of time.
Automotive gasoline is sometimes used as a substitute
fuel in certain airplanes. Its use is acceptable only
when the particular airplane has been issued a
supplemental type certificate (STC) to both the
airframe and engine allowing its use.
Checking for water and other sediment contamination
is a key preflight element. Water tends to accumulate
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AIRPLANE FLYING HANDBOOK 飞机飞行手册上(14)
