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in the airplane continuing to spin indefinitely, even
with anti-spin inputs. A brisk and positive
technique, on the other hand, results in a more
positive spin recovery.
Step 6—BEGIN APPLYING BACK-ELEVATOR
PRESSURE TO RAISE THE NOSE TO LEVEL
FLIGHT. Caution must be used not to apply
excessive back-elevator pressure after the rotation
stops. Excessive back-elevator pressure can cause
a secondary stall and result in another spin. Care
should be taken not to exceed the “G” load limits
and airspeed limitations during recovery. If the
flaps and/or retractable landing gear are extended
prior to the spin, they should be retracted as soon
as possible after spin entry.
It is important to remember that the above spin
recovery procedures and techniques are recommended
for use only in the absence of the manufacturer’s
procedures. Before any pilot attempts to begin spin
training, that pilot must be familiar with the procedures
provided by the manufacturer for spin recovery.
The most common problems in spin recovery include
pilot confusion as to the direction of spin rotation and
whether the maneuver is a spin versus spiral. If the
airspeed is increasing, the airplane is no longer in a
spin but in a spiral. In a spin, the airplane is stalled.
The indicated airspeed, therefore, should reflect
stall speed.
INTENTIONAL SPINS
The intentional spinning of an airplane, for which the
spin maneuver is not specifically approved, is NOT
authorized by this handbook or by the Code of Federal
Regulations. The official sources for determining if the
spin maneuver IS APPROVED or NOT APPROVED
for a specific airplane are:
• Type Certificate Data Sheets or the Aircraft
Specifications.
• The limitation section of the FAA-approved
AFM/POH. The limitation sections may provide
additional specific requirements for spin
authorization, such as limiting gross weight, CG
range, and amount of fuel.
• On a placard located in clear view of the pilot in
the airplane, NO ACROBATIC MANEUVERS
INCLUDING SPINS APPROVED. In airplanes
placarded against spins, there is no assurance that
recovery from a fully developed spin is possible.
There are occurrences involving airplanes wherein
spin restrictions are intentionally ignored by some
pilots. Despite the installation of placards prohibiting
intentional spins in these airplanes, a number of pilots,
and some flight instructors, attempt to justify the
maneuver, rationalizing that the spin restriction results
merely because of a “technicality” in the airworthiness
standards.
Some pilots reason that the airplane was spin tested
during its certification process and, therefore, no
problem should result from demonstrating or
practicing spins. However, those pilots overlook the
fact that a normal category airplane certification only
requires the airplane recover from a one-turn spin in
not more than one additional turn or 3 seconds,
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4-16
whichever takes longer. This same test of controllability
can also be used in certificating an airplane in the
Utility category (14 CFR section 23.221 (b)).
The point is that 360° of rotation (one-turn spin) does
not provide a stabilized spin. If the airplane’s
controllability has not been explored by the
engineering test pilot beyond the certification
requirements, prolonged spins (inadvertent or
intentional) in that airplane place an operating pilot in
an unexplored flight situation. Recovery may be
difficult or impossible.
In 14 CFR part 23, “Airworthiness Standards: Normal,
Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category
Airplanes,” there are no requirements for investigation
of controllability in a true spinning condition for the
Normal category airplanes. The one-turn “margin of
safety” is essentially a check of the airplane’s controllability
in a delayed recovery from a stall. Therefore,
in airplanes placarded against spins there is absolutely
no assurance whatever that recovery from a fully
developed spin is possible under any circumstances.
The pilot of an airplane placarded against intentional
spins should assume that the airplane may well become
uncontrollable in a spin.
WEIGHT AND BALANCE REQUIREMENTS
With each airplane that is approved for spinning, the
weight and balance requirements are important for
safe performance and recovery from the spin maneuver.
Pilots must be aware that just minor weight or
balance changes can affect the airplane’s spin
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AIRPLANE FLYING HANDBOOK 飞机飞行手册上(51)
