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Land breezes alternate with sea breezes, which blow inland during the day when the sea surface
temperature is cooler than the land.
lander (space vehicle). A space vehicle designed to land on a celestial body, such as the moon or one of
the planets.
landing area (air traffic control). Any locality either on land, water, or structures, including
airports/heliports and intermediate landing fields, which is used, or intended to be used, for the landing and
takeoff of aircraft. Landing areas may or may not have facilities for the shelter and servicing of aircraft, or
for receiving or discharging passengers or cargo.
landing direction indicator. A device which visually indicates the direction in which landings and
takeoffs should be made. Wind cones, wind socks, and tetrahedrons are commonly used landing direction
indicators.
landing distance available (ICAO). The length of runway which is declared available and suitable for the
ground run of an aeroplane landing.
landing flaps (airplane secondary control surfaces). An airplane control surface used to increase the
camber, or curvature, of the wing airfoil. This increases both the lift and the drag produced by the wing.
Printed from Summit Aviation's Computerized Aviation Reference Library, 2/7/2007
Page 343
By increasing the lift, the airplane can be landed at a slower airspeed, and by increasing the drag,
the airplane can descend at a steeper angle without building up excessive airspeed. Some landing flaps
increase the area of the wing as well as the camber. See plain flap, split flap, slotted flap, Fowler flap, and
triple-slotted flap.
landing gear (aircraft component). The part of an aircraft structure that supports the aircraft when it is
not flying. For operation from runways and dry ground, the landing gear uses wheels. Operation from snow
and ice is done with skis, and operation from water is done with a landing gear using floats.
Wheeled landing gear is by far the most common, and there are two basic types: tricycle and tail
wheel-type. The tail wheel-type landing gear is often called a conventional landing gear. In a tricycle
landing gear, two main wheels are located behind the center of gravity, and a third wheel, nearly as large as
the main wheels, is located near the nose of the aircraft. In a tail wheel-type landing gear, the two main
wheels are ahead of the center of gravity, and a much smaller wheel is located at the tail of the aircraft.
Landing gear can be either fixed so it is always extended in the airstream or retractable.
Retractable landing gear can be folded into the wing or fuselage when the aircraft is off the ground,
reducing the drag caused by air flowing over the structure.
landing gear extended speed. 14 CFR Part 1: “The maximum speed at which an aircraft can be safely
flown with the landing gear extended.”
landing gear operating speed. 14 CFR Part 1: “The maximum speed at which the landing gear can be
safely extended or retracted.”
landing gear position indicating system. A system required on all aircraft having retractable landing gear
to show the pilot the position of the landing gear. The most commonly used system on modern aircraft is a
series of lights. When all three wheels are down and locked, three green lights appear on the instrument
panel. A red light indicates that the landing gear is in transit. It has been released by the up-locks, but it has
not yet locked down.
landing gear warning system. A warning system used in an aircraft with retractable landing gear, to warn
the pilot of an unsafe landing gear condition. A red light indicates that any of the wheels are in an unsafe
condition, and an aural warning system sounds a horn if any of the wheels are not down and locked when
the throttles are retarded for landing.
landing light (aircraft component). A high-intensity spotlight mounted on an aircraft and aimed in such a
direction that it shines on the runway when the aircraft is on the final approach for landing.
landing minimums, IFR (aircraft operation). The minimum visibility prescribed for landing a civil
aircraft while using an instrument approach procedure. The minimums apply with other limitations set forth
in 14 CFR Part 91 with respect to the minimum descent altitude (MDA) or decision height (DH) prescribed
in the instrument approach procedures.
landing roll. The distance from the point of touchdown to the point where the aircraft can be brought to a
stop or can exit the runway.
landing sequence. The order in which aircraft are positioned for landing.
landing/takeoff area. Any locality, either on land, water, or structures, including airports/heliports and
intermediate landing fields, which is used, or intended to be used, for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. A
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航空术语词典Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms 中(102)
