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empty-weight center of gravity range. The distance between
the allowable forward and aft empty-weight CG limits.
equipment list. A list of items approved by the FAA for
installation in a particular aircraft. The list includes the name,
part number, weight, and arm of the component. Installation
or removal of an item in the equipment list is considered to
be a minor alteration.
fleet weight. An average weight accepted by the FAA for
aircraft of identical make and model that have the same
equipment installed. When a fleet weight control program is
in effect, the fleet weight of the aircraft can be used rather
than every individual aircraft having to be weighed.
fuel jettison system. A fuel subsystem that allows the flight
crew to dump fuel in an emergency to lower the weight of an
aircraft to the maximum landing weight if a return to landing
is required before sufficient fuel is burned off. This system must
allow enough fuel to be jettisoned that the aircraft can still
meet the climb requirements specified in 14 CFR, Part 25.
fulcrum. The point about which a lever balances.
index point. A location specified by the aircraft manufacturer
from which arms used in weight and balance computations
are measured. Arms measured from the index point are called
index arms.
interpolate. To determine a value in a series between two
known values.
landing weight. The takeoff weight of an aircraft less the fuel
burned and/or dumped en route.
large aircraft (14 CFR, Part 1). An aircraft of more than
12,500 pounds, maximum certificated takeoff weight.
lateral balance. Balance around the roll, or longitudinal, axis.
lateral offset moment. The moment, in lb-in, of a force that
tends to rotate a helicopter about its longitudinal axis. The
lateral offset moment is the product of the weight of the object
and its distance from butt line zero. Lateral offset moments
that tend to rotate the aircraft clockwise are positive, and those
that tend to rotate it counterclockwise are negative.
LEMAC. Leading Edge of the Mean Aerodynamic Chord.
load cell. A component in an electronic weighing system that
is placed between the jack and the jack pad on the aircraft.
The load cell contains strain gauges whose resistance changes
with the weight on the cell.
load factor. The ratio of the maximum load an aircraft can
sustain to the total weight of the aircraft. Normal category
aircraft must have a load factor of at least 3.8, utility category
aircraft 4.4, and acrobatic category aircraft, 6.0.
loading graph. A graph of load weight and load moment
indexes. Diagonal lines for each item relate the weight to the
moment index without having to use mathematics.
loading schedule. A method and procedure used to show that
an aircraft is properly loaded and will not exceed approved
weight and balance limitations during operation.
Glossary– 3
longitudinal axis. An imaginary line through an aircraft
from nose to tail, passing through its center of gravity.
longitudinal balance. Balance around the pitch, or lateral,
axis.
MAC. Mean Aerodynamic Chord.
major alteration. An alteration not listed in the aircraft,
aircraft engine, or propeller specifications, (1) that might
appreciably affect weight, balance, structural strength,
performance, powerplant operation, flight characteristics, or
other qualities affecting airworthiness; or (2) that is not done
according to accepted practices or cannot be done by
elementary operations.
maximum landing weight (GAMA). Maximum weight
approved for the landing touchdown.
maximum permissible hoist load. The maximum external
load that is permitted for a helicopter to carry. This load is
specified in the POH.
maximum ramp weight (GAMA) . Maximum weight
approved for ground maneuver. It includes weight of start,
taxi, and runup fuel.
maximum takeoff weight (GAMA). Maximum weight
approved for the start of the takeoff run.
maximum taxi weight. Maximum weight approved for
ground maneuvers. This is the same as maximum ramp
weight.
maximum weight. The maximum authorized weight of the
aircraft and all of its equipment as specified in the Type
Certificate Data Sheets (TCDS) for the aircraft.
Glossary– 4
maximum zero fuel weight. The maximum authorized
weight of an aircraft without fuel. This is the sum of the BOW
and payload.
maximum zero fuel weight (GAMA). Maximum weight,
exclusive of usable fuel.
METO horsepower (maximum except takeoff). The
maximum power allowed to be continuously produced by an
engine. Takeoff power is usually limited to a given amount
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