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domestic, flag, and supplemental operations.
14 CFR, Part 135. The Federal regulations governing
Commuter and On-Demand Operations.
adverse loaded CG check. A weight and balance check to
determine that no condition of legal loading of an aircraft can
move the CG outside of its allowable limits.
Aircraft Specifications. Documentation containing the
pertinent specifications for aircraft certificated under the
CARs.
Airplane Flight Manual (AFM). An FAA-approved
document, prepared by the holder of a Type Certificate for
an airplane or rotorcraft, that specifies the operating
limitations and contains the required markings and placards
and other information applicable to the regulations under
which the aircraft was certificated.
Approved Type Certificate. A certificate of approval issued
by the FAA for the design of an airplane, engine, or propeller.
arm (GAMA). The horizontal distance from the reference
datum to the center of gravity (CG) of an item.
balanced laterally. Balanced in such a way that the wings
tend to remain level.
ballast. A weight installed or carried in an aircraft to move
the center of gravity to a location within its allowable limits.
permanent ballast (fixed ballast). A weight
permanently installed in an aircraft to bring its center of
gravity into allowable limits. Permanent ballast is part of the
aircraft empty weight.
temporary ballast. Weights that can be carried in a cargo
compartment of an aircraft to move the location of the CG
for a specific flight condition. Temporary ballast must be
removed when the aircraft is weighed.
basic empty weight (GAMA). Standard empty weight plus
optional equipment.
basic operating index. The moment of the airplane at its
basic operating weight divided by the appropriate reduction
factor.
basic operating weight (BOW). The empty weight of the
aircraft plus the weight of the required crew, their baggage
and other standard items such as meals and potable water.
bilge area. The lowest part of an aircraft structure in which
water and contaminants collect.
butt (or buttock) line zero. A line through the symmetrical
center of an aircraft from nose to tail. It serves as the datum
for measuring the arms used to determine the lateral CG.
Lateral moments that cause the aircraft to rotate clockwise
are positive (+), and those that cause it to rotate
counterclockwise are negative (–).
calendar month. A time period used by the FAA for
certification and currency purposes. A calendar month
extends from a given day until midnight of the last day of that
month.
center of gravity (CG) (GAMA). The point at which an
airplane would balance if suspended. Its distance from the
reference datum is determined by dividing the total moment
by the total weight of the airplane.
center of lift. The location along the chord line of an airfoil
at which all the lift forces produced by the airfoil are
considered to be concentrated.
centroid. The distance in inches aft of the datum of the center
of a compartment or a fuel tank for weight and balance
purposes.
CG arm (GAMA). The arm obtained by adding the
airplane’s individual moments and dividing the sum by the
total weight.
General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA)
Glossary– 2
CG limits (GAMA). The extreme center of gravity locations
within which the airplane must be operated at a given weight.
CG limits envelope. An enclosed area on a graph of the
airplane loaded weight and the CG location. If lines drawn
from the weight and CG cross within this envelope, the
airplane is properly loaded.
CG moment envelope. An enclosed area on a graph of the
airplane loaded weight and loaded moment. If lines drawn
from the weight and loaded moment cross within this
envelope, the airplane is properly loaded.
chord. A straight-line distance across a wing from leading
edge to trailing edge.
delta (? ). This symbol, Ð, means a change in something.
ÐCG means a change in the center of gravity location.
dynamic load. The actual weight of the aircraft multiplied
by the load factor, or the increase in weight caused by
acceleration.
empty weight. The weight of the airframe, engines, all
permanently installed equipment and unusable fuel.
Depending upon the part of the Federal regulations under
which the aircraft was certificated, either the undrainable oil
or full reservoir of oil is included.
empty-weight center of gravity (EWCG). The center of
gravity of an aircraft when it contains only the items specified
in the aircraft empty weight.
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