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HYD PUMP 1B FAIL
HYD PUMP 2B FAIL
HYD PUMP 3A FAIL
HYD PUMP 3B FAIL
HYD PUMP 1B OFF
HYD PUMP 2B OFF
HYD PUMP 3A OFF
HYD PUMP 3B OFF
HYD PUMP 1B ON
HYD PUMP 2B ON
HYD PUMP 3B ON
GX_12_028
HYD PUMP (1B) (2B)
(3B) ON
Indicates that the
corresponding pump is
selected on.
HYD PUMP 1B (2B) (3A)
(3B) OFF
Indicates that the corresponding
pump is selected
off.
HYD PUMP 1B (2B)
(3A) (3B) FAIL
Indicates that the
corresponding pump
has a low-pressure
output ( 1800 psi) when
commanded on.
<
HYD PUMP 1A (2A) FAIL
Indicates that the
corresponding engine
driven pump (1A or 2A)
has a low-pressure
output ( 1800 psi) when
the engine is running.
<
P I LOT T R A I N I N G GU I D E
HYDRAULICS
12-30 For Training Purposes Only
Sept 04
EMS CIRCUIT PROTECTION
M
M
M
BRT
CIRCUIT BREAKER SYSTEM
STAT SYS BUS
PREV
PAGE
NEXT
PAGE
CNTL TEST
BUS
EMER
CONT
CB - HYD SYSTEM
CB - HYD SYSTEM
1/2
2/2
HYD 1 PRESS XDCR
HYD 2 PRESS XDCR
HYD 3 PRESS XDCR
HYD PUMP 1B
HYD PUMP 2B
HYD PUMP 3A
HYD PUMP 3B
L HYD SOV
R HYD SOV
DC 1
DC 2
BATT
AC 3
AC 2
AC 4
AC 1
DC EMER DCPC
DC EMER DCPC
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
GX_12_029
CIRCUIT BREAKER - STATUS 2/2
GEAR
HYD
ICE
IND/RECORD
LIGHTS
NAV
OIL
OXYGEN
THRUST REV
Boeing is a trademark of Boeing Management Company.
Copyright © 2006 The Boeing Company. All rights reserved.
The Ice Crystal Weather
Threat to Engines
Jeanne Mason
Propulsion Operability
Boeing Commercial Airplanes
Copyright © 2006 the Boeing Company Mason_Forum.2
The Ice Crystal Weather Threat to Engines
Agenda
• Introduction
• Engine power loss associated with high-altitude ice
crystal weather – event data
• Weather description
• Global view of engine events
• Ice particle accretion mechanism in the engine
• Industry activities and challenges
• Summary
Copyright © 2006 the Boeing Company Mason_Forum.3
The Ice Crystal Weather Threat to Engines
Introduction
• High-altitude ice crystals in convective weather are now
recognized to be a cause of engine damage and engine
power loss
• This issue affects multiple models of aircraft and engines
• Over 90 events in an industry database 1989-2003
• Leading cause of icing-related power loss
• Power loss – engine surge, stall, flameout or rollback
• Blade damage in some events – tip curls and tears
Copyright © 2006 the Boeing Company Mason_Forum.4
The Ice Crystal Weather Threat to Engines
High-Altitude Ice Crystal Icing
• High-altitude water is likely to be frozen ice particles
rather than super-cooled liquid drops
• Previously, the term “icing conditions” has always been
used to refer to conditions where super-cooled liquid
drops adhere to cold airframe surfaces – typically
altitudes 22,000 feet and below
• “Ice crystal icing” does not affect cold airframe surfaces,
only some engine surfaces
• Now believed that ice crystal icing can occur deep in the
engine where surfaces are warmer than freezing
Copyright © 2006 the Boeing Company Mason_Forum.5
The Ice Crystal Weather Threat to Engines
Initial Investigations of Engine Events
• A confusing array of pilot reports with seemingly contradictory
information initially misled investigators
• Events usually in the vicinity of thunderstorms or convective storms
• No reports of airframe icing, but rain or heavy rain at very cold
temperatures led early investigators to conclude rain, not conventional
icing as the cause of many events
• A temperature anomaly initially interpreted as a meteorological
phenomenon
• Reports of light-to-moderate turbulence, no radar echoes at event
location not consistent with flight through convective core
• Only one event at -40C where supercooled liquid water is not possible
• A mechanism for ice-particle ice accretion not understood
Copyright © 2006 the Boeing Company Mason_Forum.6
The Ice Crystal Weather Threat to Engines
The Connection of Engine Events to Ice Crystals
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航空翻译 www.aviation.cn
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