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entire maneuver.
3. Turning the tail of the helicopter into the slope.
4. Lowering the downslope skid or wheel too rapidly.
5. Applying excessive cyclic control into the slope,
causing mast bumping.
SLOPE TAKEOFF
A slope takeoff is basically the reverse of a slope landing.
[Figure 10-7] Conditions that may be associated
with the slope, such as turbulence and obstacles, must
Figure 10-6. Slope landing.
10-7
be considered during the takeoff. Planning should
include suitable forced landing areas.
TECHNIQUE
Begin the takeoff by increasing r.p.m. to the normal
range with the collective full down. Then, move the
cyclic toward the slope (frame 1). Holding cyclic
toward the slope causes the downslope skid to rise as
you slowly raise the collective (frame 2). As the skid
comes up, move the cyclic toward the neutral position.
If properly coordinated, the helicopter should attain a
level attitude as the cyclic reaches the neutral position.
At the same time, use antitorque pedal pressure to
maintain heading and throttle to maintain r.p.m. With
the helicopter level and the cyclic centered, pause
momentarily to verify everything is correct, and then
gradually raise the collective to complete the liftoff
(frame 3).
After reaching a hover, take care to avoid hitting the
ground with the tail rotor. If an upslope wind exists,
execute a crosswind takeoff and then make a turn into
the wind after clearing the ground with the tail rotor.
COMMON ERRORS
1. Failure to adjust cyclic control to keep the helicopter
from sliding downslope.
2. Failure to maintain proper r.p.m.
3. Holding excessive cyclic into the slope as the
downslope skid is raised.
4. Turning the tail of the helicopter into the slope
during takeoff.
CONFINED AREA OPERATIONS
A confined area is an area where the flight of the helicopter
is limited in some direction by terrain or the
presence of obstructions, natural or manmade. For
example, a clearing in the woods, a city street, a road, a
building roof, etc., can each be regarded as a confined
area. Generally, takeoffs and landings should be made
into the wind to obtain maximum airspeed with minimum
groundspeed.
There are several things to consider when operating in
confined areas. One of the most important is maintaining
a clearance between the rotors and obstacles forming the
confined area. The tail rotor deserves special consideration
because, in some helicopters, you cannot always see
it from the cabin. This not only applies while making the
approach, but while hovering as well. Another consideration
is that wires are especially difficult to see;
however, their supporting devices, such as poles or
towers, serve as an indication of their presence and
approximate height. If any wind is present, you should
also expect some turbulence. [Figure 10-8]
Something else for you to consider is the availability of
forced landing areas during the planned approach. You
should think about the possibility of flying from one
alternate landing area to another throughout the
approach, while avoiding unfavorable areas. Always
leave yourself a way out in case the landing cannot be
completed or a go-around is necessary.
APPROACH
A high reconnaissance should be completed before initiating
the confined area approach. Start the approach
phase using the wind and speed to the best possible
advantage. Keep in mind areas suitable for forced landing.
It may be necessary to choose between an
Figure 10-7. Slope takeoff.
Wind
Figure 10-8. If the wind velocity is 10 knots or greater, you
should expect updrafts on the windward side and downdrafts
on the lee side of obstacles. You should plan the approach
with these factors in mind, but be ready to alter your plans if
the wind speed or direction changes.
10-8
approach that is crosswind, but over an open area, and
one directly into the wind, but over heavily wooded or
extremely rough terrain where a safe forced landing
would be impossible. If these conditions exist, consider
the possibility of making the initial phase of the
approach crosswind over the open area and then turning
into the wind for the final portion of the approach.
Always operate the helicopter as close to its normal
capabilities as possible, taking into consideration the
situation at hand. In all confined area operations, with
the exception of the pinnacle operation, the angle of
descent should be no steeper than necessary to clear
any barrier in the approach path and still land on the
selected spot. The angle of climb on takeoff should be
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