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not properly conducted. Pilots should remain at the
flight controls; and refueling personnel should be
knowledgeable about the proper refueling procedures
and properly briefed for specific helicopter makes and
models.
Refueling units should be positioned to ensure adequate
rotor blade clearance. Persons not involved with
the refueling operation should keep clear of the area.
Smoking must be prohibited in and around the aircraft
during all refueling operations.
EXTERNAL-LOAD RIGGERS—Rigger training is
possibly one of the most difficult and continually
changing problems of the helicopter external-load
operator. A poorly rigged cargo net, light standard, or
load pallet could result in a serious and costly accident.
It is imperative that all riggers be thoroughly trained to
meet the needs of each individual external-load operation.
Since rigging requirements may vary several
times in a single day, proper training is of the utmost
importance to safe operations.
PILOT AT THE FLIGHT CONTROLS—Many helicopter
operators have been lured into a "quick turnaround"
ground operation to avoid delays at airport
terminals and to minimize stop/start cycles of the
engine. As part of this quick turnaround, the pilot might
leave the cockpit with the engine and rotors turning.
Such an operation can be extremely hazardous if a gust
of wind disturbs the rotor disc, or the collective flight
control moves causing lift to be generated by the rotor
system. Either occurrence may cause the helicopter to
roll or pitch, resulting in a rotor blade striking the tailboom
or the ground. Good operating procedures dictate
that pilots remain at the flight controls whenever the
engine is running and the rotors are turning.
EXTERNAL-LOAD HOOKUP PERSONNEL—
There are several areas in which these personnel
should be knowledgeable. First, they should know the
lifting capability of the helicopters involved. Since
some operators have helicopter models with almost
Figure 9-1. Exercise extreme caution when hovering near
buildings or other aircraft.
9-4
identical physical characteristics but different lifting
capabilities, this knowledge is essential. For example,
a hookup person may be working with a turbocharged
helicopter on a high altitude project when a non-turbocharged
helicopter, which looks exactly the same to
the ground crew, comes to pick up a load. If the
hookup person attaches a load greater than the
non-turbocharged helicopter can handle, a potentially
dangerous situation could exist.
Second, know the pilots. The safest plan is to standardize
all pilots in the manner in which sling loads
are picked up and released. Without pilot standardization,
the operation could be hazardous. The operator
should standardize the pilots on operations while
personnel are beneath the helicopter.
Third, know the cargo. Many items carried via sling are
very fragile, others can take a beating. The hookup person
should always know when a hazardous article is
involved and the nature of the hazard, such as explosives,
radioactive materials, and toxic chemicals. In
addition to knowing this, the hookup person should be
familiar with the types of protective gear or clothing
and the actions necessary to protect their own safety
and that of the operation.
Fourth, know appropriate hand signals. When direct
radio communications between ground and flight personnel
are not used, the specific meaning of hand
signals should be coordinated prior to operations.
Fifth, know emergency procedures. Ground and flight
personnel should fully agree to and understand the
actions to be taken by all participants in the event of
emergencies. This prior planning is essential to avoid
injuries to all concerned.
PASSENGERS—All persons who board a helicopter
while its rotors are turning should be instructed in the
safest means of doing so. Naturally, if you are at the
controls, you may not be able to conduct a boarding
briefing. Therefore, the individual who arranged for the
passengers' flight or is assigned as the ramp attendant
should accomplish this task. The exact procedures may
vary slightly from one helicopter model to another, but
in general the following should suffice.
When boarding—
1. stay away from the rear of the helicopter.
2. approach or leave the helicopter in a crouching
manner.
3. approach from the side or front, but never out of
the pilot's line of vision.
4. carry tools horizontally, below waist level, never
upright or over the shoulder.
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