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POWERPLANT LIMITATIONS
The Powerplant Limitations area describes operating
limitations on the rotorcraft’s engine including such
items as r.p.m. range, power limitations, operating temperatures,
and fuel and oil requirements. Most turbine
engines and some reciprocating engines have a maximum
power and a maximum continuous power rating.
The “maximum power” rating is the maximum power
the engine can generate and is usually limited by time.
The maximum power range is depicted by a yellow arc
on the engine power instruments, with a red line indicating
the maximum power that must not be exceeded.
“Maximum continuous power” is the maximum power
the engine can generate continually, and is depicted by
a green arc. [Figure 6-4]
Like on a torque and turbine outlet temperature gauge,
the red line on a manifold pressure gauge indicates the
maximum amount of power. A yellow arc on the gauge
warns of pressures approaching the limit of rated
power. A placard near the gauge lists the maximum
readings for specific conditions. [Figure 6-5]
WEIGHT AND LOADING DISTRIBUTION
The Weight and Loading Distribution area contains the
maximum certificated weights, as well as the center of
gravity (CG) range. The location of the reference datum
used in balance computations should also be included in
this section. Weight and balance computations are not
provided here, but rather in the Weight and Balance
Section of the FAA-Approved Rotocraft Flight Manual.
150 20
40
60
80
100
120 AIRSPEED
KNOTS
17
14
12
8
6
4
MPH
X 10
Figure 6-2. Typical airspeed indicator limitations and markings.
ROTOR
ENGINE
RPM
100
5
l0
l
2
3
4
5
l5
20
25
30
35
40
Figure 6-3. Markings on a typical dual-needle tachometer in a
reciprocating-engine helicopter. The outer band shows the
limits of the superimposed needles when the engine is turning
the rotor. The inner band indicates the power-off limits.
40
50 60 70
80
90
100
110
0 120
10
20
30
TORQUE
PERCENT
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
8
9
TURB
OUT
TEMP
°C X 100
Figure 6-4. Torque and turbine outlet temperature (TOT)
gauges are commonly used with turbine-powered aircraft.
6-3
FLIGHT LIMITATIONS
This area lists any maneuvers which are prohibited,
such as acrobatic flight or flight into known icing conditions.
If the rotorcraft can only be flown in VFR
conditions, it will be noted in this area. Also included
are the minimum crew requirements, and the pilot seat
location, if applicable, where solo flights must be conducted.
PLACARDS
All rotorcraft generally have one or more placards displayed
that have a direct and important bearing on the
safe operation of the rotorcraft. These placards are
located in a conspicuous place within the cabin and
normally appear in the Limitations Section. Since VNE
changes with altitude, this placard can be found in all
helicopters. [Figure 6-6]
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Concise checklists describing the recommended procedures
and airspeeds for coping with various types of
emergencies or critical situations can be found in this
section. Some of the emergencies covered include:
engine failure in a hover and at altitude, tail rotor failures,
fires, and systems failures. The procedures for
restarting an engine and for ditching in the water might
also be included.
Manufacturers may first show the emergencies checklists
in an abbreviated form with the order of items
reflecting the sequence of action. This is followed by
amplified checklists providing additional information
to help you understand the procedure. To be prepared
for an abnormal or emergency situation, memorize the
first steps of each checklist, if not all the steps. If time
permits, you can then refer to the checklist to make sure
all items have been covered. (For more information on
emergencies, refer to Chapter 11—Helicopter Emergencies
and Chapter 21—Gyroplane Emergencies.)
Manufacturers also are encouraged to include an optional
area titled “Abnormal Procedures,” which describes recommended
procedures for handling malfunctions that are
not considered to be emergencies. This information
would most likely be found in larger helicopters.
NORMAL PROCEDURES
The Normal Procedures is the section you will probably
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