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it was released. More advanced systems use electric
servos that actually move the flight controls. These
servos receive control commands from a computer that
senses helicopter attitude. Other inputs, such as
heading, speed, altitude, and navigation information
may be supplied to the computer to form a complete
autopilot system. The SAS may be overridden or
disconnected by the pilot at any time.
Stability augmentation systems reduce pilot workload
by improving basic aircraft control harmony and
decreasing disturbances. These systems are very useful
when you are required to perform other duties, such as
sling loading and search and rescue operations.
AUTOPILOT
Helicopter autopilot systems are similar to stability
augmentations systems except they have additional
features. An autopilot can actually fly the helicopter
and perform certain functions selected by the pilot.
These functions depend on the type of autopilot and
systems installed in the helicopter.
The most common functions are altitude and heading
hold. Some more advanced systems include a vertical
speed or indicated airspeed (IAS) hold mode, where a
constant rate of climb/descent or indicated airspeed is
maintained by the autopilot. Some autopilots have nav-
VOR—Ground-based navigation system consisting of very high frequency
omnidirectional range (VOR) stations which provide course
guidance.
ILS (Instrument Landing System)—A precision instrument approach
system, which normally consists of the following electronic components
and visual aids: localizer, glide slope, outer marker, and approach
lights.
GPS (Global Positioning System)—A satellite-based radio positioning,
navigation, and time-transfer system.
IFR (Instrument Flight Rules)—Rules that govern the procedure for
conducting flight in weather conditions below VFR weather minimums.
The term IFR also is used to define weather conditions and the type of
flight plan under which an aircraft is operating.
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depends on the temperature of the outside air. Air conditioning
provides better cooling but it is more complex
and weighs more than a ram air system.
Piston powered helicopters use a heat exchanger
shroud around the exhaust manifold to provide cabin
heat. Outside air is piped to the shroud and the hot
exhaust manifold heats the air, which is then blown
into the cockpit. This warm air is heated by the exhaust
manifold but is not exhaust gas. Turbine helicopters
use a bleed air system for heat. Bleed air is hot, compressed,
discharge air from the engine compressor. Hot
air is ducted from the compressor to the helicopter
cabin through a pilot-controlled, bleed air valve.
ANTI-ICING SYSTEMS
Most anti-icing equipment installed on small helicopters
is limited to engine intake anti-ice and pitot heat systems.
The anti-icing system found on most turbine-powered
helicopters uses engine bleed air. The bleed air flows
through the inlet guide vanes to prevent ice formation on
the hollow vanes. Apilot-controlled, electrically operated
valve on the compressor controls the air flow. The pitot
heat system uses an electrical element to heat the pitot
tube, thus melting or preventing ice formation.
Airframe and rotor anti-icing may be found on some
larger helicopters, but it is not common due to the
complexity, expense, and weight of such systems. The
leading edges of rotors may be heated with bleed air or
electrical elements to prevent ice formation. Balance and
control problems might arise if ice is allowed to form
unevenly on the blades. Research is being done on
lightweight ice-phobic (anti-icing) materials or coatings.
These materials placed in strategic areas could significantly
reduce ice formation and improve performance.
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Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR)
part 91 requires that pilots comply with the operating
limitations specified in approved rotorcraft flight manuals,
markings, and placards. Originally, flight manuals
were often characterized by a lack of essential information
and followed whatever format and content the
manufacturer felt was appropriate. This changed with
the acceptance of the General Aviation Manufacturers
Association’s (GAMA) Specification for Pilot’s
Operating Handbook, which established a standardized
format for all general aviation airplane and rotorcraft
flight manuals. The term “Pilot’s Operating Handbook
(POH)” is often used in place of “Rotorcraft Flight
Manual (RFM).” However, if “Pilot’s Operating
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