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777/787 Flight Crew Training Manual
Approach and Missed Approach
Copyright © The Boeing Company. See title page for details.
5.28 FCT 777/787 Preliminary (TM)
Non - ILS Instrument Approaches
Non-ILS approaches are defined as:
• RNAV approach - an instrument approach procedure that relies on
airplane area navigation equipment for navigational guidance. The FMS
on Boeing airplanes is FAA-certified RNAV equipment that provides
lateral and vertical guidance referenced from an FMS position. The FMS
uses multiple sensors (as installed) for position updating to include GPS,
DME-DME, VOR-DME, LOC-GPS, and IRS.
• GPS approach - an approach designed for use by airplanes using
stand-alone GPS receivers as the primary means of navigation guidance.
However, Boeing airplanes using FMS as the primary means of
navigational guidance, have been approved by the FAA to fly GPS
approaches provided an RNP of 0.3 or smaller is used.
Note: A manual FMC entry of 0.3 RNP is required if not automatically
provided.
• VOR approach
• NDB approach
• LOC, LOC-BC, LDA, SDF, IGS, TACAN, or similar approaches.
Non-ILS approaches are normally flown using VNAV, V/S, or FPA pitch modes.
Recommended roll modes are provided in the applicable FCOM procedure.
Non - ILS Instrument Approaches - General
Over the past several decades there have been a number of CFIT and unstabilized
approach incidents and accidents associated with non-precision (non-ILS)
approaches and landings. Many of these could have been prevented by the use of
Continuous Descent Final Approach (CDFA) methods. Traditional methods of
flying non-ILS approaches involve setting a vertical speed on final approach,
leveling off at step-down altitudes (if applicable) and at MDA(H), followed by a
transition to a visual final approach segment and landing. These traditional
methods involve changing the flight path at low altitudes and are not similar to
methods for flying ILS approaches. Further, these traditional methods often
require of the crew a higher level of skill, judgment and training than the typical
ILS approach.
The following sections describe methods for flying non-ILS CDFA. These
methods provide a constant angle approach, which reduces exposure to crew error
and CFIT accidents. These methods also make it much easier for the crew to
achieve a stabilized approach to a landing once suitable visual reference to the
runway environment has been established.
October 31, 2006
777/787 Flight Crew Training Manual
Approach and Missed Approach
Copyright © The Boeing Company. See title page for details.
FCT 777/787 Preliminary (TM) 5.29
A typical Instrument Approach using VNAV, V/S, or FPA as illustrated, assumes
all preparations for the approach; such as review of the approach procedure and
setting of minima and radio tuning have been completed. The procedures
illustrated focus generally on crew actions and avionics systems information. The
flight pattern may be modified to suit local traffic and air traffic requirements.
The following discussions assume a straight-in instrument approach is being
flown. A circling approach may be flown following an instrument approach using
VNAV, V/S or FPA provided the MCP altitude is set in accordance with the
circling approach procedure.
Types of Approaches
VNAV is the preferred method for accomplishing non-ILS approaches that have
an appropriate vertical path defined on the FMC LEGS page. The section on Use
of VNAV provides several methods for obtaining an appropriate path, to include
published glide paths, and where necessary, a pilot constructed path. V/S or FPA
may be used as an alternate method for accomplishing non-ILS approaches.
Use of the Autopilot during Approaches
Automatic flight is the preferred method of flying non-ILS approaches. Automatic
flight minimizes flight crew workload and facilitates monitoring the procedure
and flight path. During non-ILS approaches, autopilot use allows better course and
vertical path tracking accuracy, reduces the probability of inadvertent deviations
below path, and is therefore recommended until suitable visual reference is
established on final approach.
Manually flying non-ILS approaches in IMC conditions increases workload and
does not take advantage of the significant increases in efficiency and protection
provided by the automatic systems. However, to maintain flight crew proficiency,
pilots may elect to use the flight director without the autopilot when in VMC
conditions.
Note: Currently, the VNAV PTH mode contains no path deviation alerting. For
this reason, the autopilot should remain engaged until suitable visual
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787机组训练手册Flight Crew Training Manual 787(76)
