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to move the center of gravity to a location within its
allowable limits.
Permanent Ballast (fixed ballast). A weight permanently
installed in an aircraft to bring its center of gravity into
allowable limits. Permanent ballast is part of the aircraft
empty weight.
Temporary Ballast. Weights that can be carried in a
cargo compartment of an aircraft to move the location of
CG for a specific flight condition. Temporary ballast must
be removed when the aircraft is weighed.
Basic Empty Weight. (GAMA) Standard empty weight
plus optional equipment.
Basic Operating Index. The moment of the airplane
at its basic operating weight divided by the appropriate
reduction factor.
Basic Operating Weight (BOW). The empty weight
of the aircraft plus the weight of the required crew, their
baggage and other standard item such as meals and potable
water.
Bilge Area. The lowest part of an aircraft structure in
which water and contaminants collect.
Butt (or buttock) Line Zero. A line through the
symmetrical center of an aircraft from nose to tail. It serves
as the datum for measuring the arms used to determine
the lateral CG. Lateral moments that cause the aircraft to
rotate clockwise are positive (+) , and those that cause it to
rotate counterclockwise are negative (-).
Calendar Month. A time period used by the FAA for
certification and currency purposes. A calendar month
extends from a given day until midnight of the last day of
that month.
Civil Air Regulation (CAR). predecessor to the Federal
Aviation Regulations.
CAMs. The manuals containing the certification rules
under the Civil Air Regulations.
Center of Gravity (CG). (GAMA) The point at which
an airplane would balance if suspended. Its distance
from the reference datum is determined by dividing the
total moment by the total weight of the airplane. It is
the mass center of the aircraft, or the theoretical point at
which the entire weight of the aircraft is assumed to be
concentrated. It may be expressed in percent of MAC
(mean aerodynamic cord) or in inches from the reference
datum.
Center of Lift. The location along the chord line of an
airfoil at which all the lift forces produced by the airfoil
are considered to be concentrated.
Centroid. The distance in inches aft of the datum of the
center of a compartment or a fuel tank for weight and
balance purposes.
CG Arm. (GAMA) The arm obtained by adding the
airplane’s individual moments and dividing the sum by the
total weight.
CG Limits. (GAMA) The extreme center of gravity
locations within which the aircraft must be operated at
a given weight. These limits are indicated on pertinent
FAA aircraft type certificate data sheets, specifications, or
weight and balance records.
CG Limits Envelope. An enclosed area on a graph of the
airplane loaded weight and the CG location. If lines drawn
from the weight and CG cross within this envelope, the
airplane is properly loaded.
CG Moment Envelope. An enclosed area on a graph of
the airplane loaded weight and loaded moment. If lines
drawn from the weight and loaded moment cross within
this envelope, the airplane is properly loaded.
Chord. A straight-line distance across a wing from
leading edge to trailing edge.
Curtailment. An operator created and FAA-approved
operational loading envelope that is more restrictive than
the manufacturer’s CG envelope. It ensures that the aircraft
will be operated within limits during all phases of flight.
Curtailment typically accounts for, but is not limited
to, in-flight movement of passengers and crew, service
equipment, cargo variation, seating variation, ect.
Delta Δ. This symbol, Δ, means a change in something.
ΔCG means a change in the center of gravity location.
Dynamic Load. The actual weight of the aircraft
multiplied by the load factor, or the increase in weight
caused by acceleration.
Empty Weight. The weight of the airframe, engines,
all permanently installed equipment, and unusable fuel.
Depending upon the part of the federal regulations under
which the aircraft was certificated, either the undrainable
oil or full reservoir of oil is included.
Glossary–
Empty-weight Center of Gravity (EWCG). This is the
center of gravity of the aircraft in the empty condition,
containing only the items specified in the aircraft empty
weight. This CG is an essential part of the weight and
balance record of the aircraft.
Empty-weight Center of Gravity Range. The distance
between the allowable forward and aft empty-weight CG
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Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook(34)
